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BSC 109: EXAM 3
Synaptic Terminal
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specialized junctions through which neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells
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myelin sheath
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fatty tissue; wraps around neuron (like insulation) carries nerve impulses faster.
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multiple sclerosis
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dismantling of myelin covering of CNS axons by the body's own immune system
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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
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marked by the gradual degeneration of the nerve cells in the CNS that controls voluntary muscle movement
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Action Potential
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electrical impulse, primary means of communication
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synaptic transmission
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process of transmission of impulse from sending across synaptic cleft to receiving target. involves release and diffusion of chemical neruotransmitter
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synaptic cleft
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space between neurons at a nerve synapse across which a nerve impulse is transmitted by a neurotransmitter
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Acetycholine |
neruomuscular junctions, autonomic nervous systems, brain
excitatory on skeletal muscles; excitatory or inhibitory at other sites, depending on receptors
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Serotonin |
areas of brain, spinal cord
usually inhibitory; involved in moods, sleep cycle, appetite
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Dopamine
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areas of brain, parts of PNS
Excitatory or inhibitory, depending on receptors; plays a rold in emotions
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glutamate |
areas of brain, spinal cord
usually excitatory; major excitatory neurotransmitter
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Endorphins
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many areas in brain, spinal cord
natural opiates that inhibit pain; usually inhibitory
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stimulus |
sensory input that causes some change within or outside the body
(heat, pressure, sound waves, light, chemical)
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Receptor
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structure that detects stimuli and converts its energy into another form
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somatic sensations
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arise from receptors located throughout the body (temperature, pressure, touch, vibration, pain, awareness of body position)
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special senses
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arise from receptors restricted to specific areas of the body (taste, smell, hearing, balance, vision)
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mechanoreceptors
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detect limb position, muscle length, and tension
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thermoreceptors
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detect temperature
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Pain receptors
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signal discomfort
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loudness
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related to amplitude of sound waves, measured in decibels
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pitch (tone)
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related to frequency (number of wave cycles/second), higher frequency; higher pitch
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Sclera |
covers and protects eye ball
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Cornea
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bends incoming light
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iris
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adjusts amount of incoming light
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lens |
regulates focus
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retina
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absorbs light and converts it into impulses
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optic nerve
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transmits impulses to brain
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myopia |
nearsighted
eye longer than normal, distant objects focus in front of retina
corrected with concave lenses
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hyperopia
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farsighted
eye shorter
near objects focus behind retina
convex lenses
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stigmatism
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irregularities in cornea behind lens
corrected with speciality ground lenses
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sphincters
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thick muscular rings that separate some of the organs, holds contents
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peristalsis |
propels food forward, rapid
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segmentation
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mixes food back and forth, presses on mucosa, absorb nutrients
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chyme
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watery mixture of partially digested food and gastric juice that is delivered to the small intestine
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pancreas |
exocrine functions, secretes digestive enzymes and sodium bicarbonate
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liver
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produces bile, which emulsifies lipids, hepatic portal system, metabolic functions (storage, synthesis, and chemical processing)
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gallbladder
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concentrates and stores bile
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Neurons
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carry electrical signals from one part of the body to another
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Glial cells
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support neurons and modify neuronal communication
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vision
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detects and interprets visual stimuli by converting light energy to nerve impulses and transmitting them to the brain
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cortex
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outer zone of the kidney
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medulla
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inner region; defense tissue (renal pyramids)
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renal pelvis
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urine collects after it is formed
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ureter
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transports urine to the bladder
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urinary bladder
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stores urine. consists of three layers of smooth muscle lined on the inside by epithelial cells.
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urethra
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urine passes through this; single muscular tube that extends from the bladder to the body's external opening
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nephron
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functional unit of kidney; approx. 1 million; function to produce urine. remove 180 layers of fluid every day and then return almost all of it to the blood
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testes
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produce sperm
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scrotum
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out punching of skin and smooth muscle; regulates the temperature of the developing sperm
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seminiferous tubules
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sperm is produced; within testes
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epididymis
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single coiled duct just outside testis
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epididymis
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single coiled duct just outside testis
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ductus deferens
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joins the duct from the seminal vesicle
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seminal vesicles
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produce seminal fluid, water mixture containing fructose and prostaglandins that represent 60% of the volume of sperm
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prostate gland
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contributes an alkaline fluid; helps prevent infections but is too acidic for sperm
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bulbourethral glands
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secrete mucus into the urethra during sexual arousal; washes away traces of acidic urine and provides lubrication
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IVF
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in vitro fertilization; fertilization in test tube outside of body
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GIFT
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gamete intrafallopian transfer; unfertilized eggs and sperm placed directly in oviductw
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ZIFT
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intrafallopian transfer; fertilized egg is placed in oviduct
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