83 Cards in this Set
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What are the principle functions of the muscle system?
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-produce movement or generate tension.
-contraction:shortens distance between bones.
-skeletal muscle moves bone.
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What are synergistic groups?
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work together
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what are antagonistic groups?
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groups oppose each other.
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Name the 3 types of muscle tissue, their function, whether they are involuntary or voluntary, whether they are single or multinucleated, and whether they have slow, fast or moderate speed of contraction.
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Skeletal: moves body parts, voluntary, multinucleated.
Cardiac: functions is the heart. involuntary.single nuclues.
Smooth: surronds hollow structures, involuntary, single nucleus
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What is the point of origin versus insertion for a skeletal muscle
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origin= stationary bone.
insertion= moving bone.
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Define Myosin and Actin and be able to identify an image of a relaxed state or a contracted state of a muscle fiber.
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myosin: forms thick unit.
actin: forms thin filaments
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Define slow-twitch
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endurance, long duration contraction, contain myoglobin
jogging,swimming,biking
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define fast twitch
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strength, white muscle, short duration contraction
sprinting, weight lighting, tennis
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strength training
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-resistance training
-short, intense
-builds more fast- twitch myofibrils
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aerobic training
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-builds endurance
-increases blood supply to muscle cells.
-reach target heart rate for at least 20 minutes three times a week.
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How long should a person reach his/her target heartrate and how many times per week?
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20minutes three times a week
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causes of muscular dystrophy
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genetic defect in the protein dystrophin that helps keep muscles' shape and length
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causes of tetanus
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-bacterium clostridium tetani infection of puncture wounds.
-toxin tetanospasmin enters neurons.
-because inhibitory neurotransmitters are blocked, muscles continue to contract (lock jaw)
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causes of muscle cramps
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low blood flow
salt imbalance(sodium and potassium)
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causes of pulled muscles
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injury to fibers and connective tissue.
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4 functions of the circulatory system
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1. retrieves nutrients from the digestive system.
2. exchanges gases with the respiratory system.
3. carries wastes, excess water, and salts to the urinary system for disposal.
4. carries some metabolic wastes to the liver
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What are the 3 main components of the circulatory system?
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heart, blood vessels, blood
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Name three functions of blood.
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transportation, regulation, defense
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What percentage of whole blood is plasma, platelets and WBC’s and RBC’s after being spun down?
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...
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Where are red blood cells produced?
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regulated by secretion of hormone when cells in kidneys detect a decrease in the level of oxygen available for the body.
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What is Hemoglobin and where is it found and what molecule does it transport?
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it is an oxygen binding protein found in blood.
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it is an oxygen binding protein found in blood.
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...
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name the 3 types of granular leuokocytes
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neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
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describe neutrophils
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-most abundant type of granulocyte for 60% of all WBCs.
-surround and engulf foreign cells and are the first to encounter infections.
-have an affinity for bacteria and some fungi so circulating levels are increased during these types of infections.
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describe eosinophils
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-make up only 2-4% of WBCs.
-defend the body against large parasites (i.e. worms)
-surrond parasites and release digestive enzymes to destroy it.
-moderate the release of chemicals that determine the severity of allergic reactions.
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describe basophils
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-rarest WBC and account for only .5% of WBCs.
-Contain histamine which is released during body tissue injuries initates the inflammatory response. the inflammatory response recruits plasma from surrounding blood vessels which aids in repairing tissue damage.
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Name the 2 types of Agranular Leuokocytes?
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monocytes and lymphocytes.
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describe monocytes
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-largest WBC
-make up about 5% of WBC
-can stimulate lymphocytes to defend the body.
-especially active during chronic infections,viruses, and certain bacterical parasites.
can further differentiate into macrophages which engulf foreign entities and dead cellular debris.
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describe lymphocytes
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-make up about 30% of circulating WBCs
-classified in two types
-lymphocytes(b-cells): can mature into plasma that produce antibodies
- T Lymphocytes (t-cells): help to target specific threats(i.e. viruses, cancer cells, bacteria) during infections
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What are platelets?
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small megakaryocyte fragments that circulate in the blood.
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Name the 3 stages of Hemostasis
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vascular spasm, formation of platelet plug, blood clotting
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describe vascular spasm
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contricts blood vessels to reduce the flow of blood around an injured blood vessel. A single spasm can last up to 30 minutes, depending on the extent of injury, before the second stage begins.
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describe of a platelet plug
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after an injury free floating platelets swell, develop extensions, and stick to vessel walls and each other to form a seal around the injury. if this seal cannot stop blood loss clotting occurs
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describe blood clotting (coagulation)
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a series of chemical reactions that involves at least 12 substances introduce a meshwork of fibers that result in immense thickening of blood.
-platelets release prothrombin activator to convert the plasma protein prothrombin into an enzyme cal thrombin.
- thrombin converts the …
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describe blood clotting continued.
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-fibrin threads wrap around the previously formed platelet plus to help secure the seal around the injury. this is called the "initial clot"
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What is an Antibody?
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produced by the host lymphocytes in response to antigens. seek out antigens to bind and target them for destruction with the formation of antigen-antibody complexes.
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Name the four types of blood and be able to name the Antigens and Antibodies for each blood type.
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1. A- has A antigens and B antibodies
2. B- has B antigens and A antibodies
3. AB- has both A and B antigens, and neither antibody.
4. O- has neither A nor B antigens and both A and B antibodies
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Define septicemia
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also know as blood poisoning . an infection of the blood plasma that occurs when organisms that are toxic or secrete toxins invade the blood.
-can develop from severe puncture wounds, burns, urinary system infection, or major dental procedures.
- can be treated woth antibodics.…
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define mononucleosis
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mono. contagious infection of the lymphocytes caused by the epstien- barr virus
- spread through physical contact
-occurs most frequently during adolscence
- no known cure virus must run its course 4-6 weeks
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define anemia
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umbrella term for variety of conditions that result in a decrease in the ability of the blood to transport oxygen.
iron deficiency anemia, hemorrhagic anemia, pernicious anemia, hemolytic anemia
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define leukemia
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umbrella term for several types of blood cancer that all have uncontrolled growth of abnormal WBCs in the bone marrow that interfere with normal organ and system functions.
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What are the ABC’s of lifesaving?
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A is airway
B is breathing
C is circulation
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Name and describe the structure and function of veins, capillaries, and arteries.
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-Arteries: carry blood away from the heart. transport blood under high pressure.
-Capillaries: exchange solutes and water with cells of the body.
- viens: return blood to the heart.
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Define vasodilation
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increases blood flow to capillaries
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define vasoconstriction
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decreases blood flow to capillaries
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What are the 3 mechanisms of blood return to the heart?
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-contraction of skeletal muscles
-one-way valves
-pressure changes associated with breathing.
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Name the four chambers of the heart
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collect blood.
-two atria(recieve blood)
-two ventricles(pumps blood away from the heart)
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name the 4 valves of the heart
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prevent backflow.
-two atrioventricular valves: tricuspid valve, bicuspid valve
-two semilunar valves: pulmonary valve, aortic valve.
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Why do we state that humans have a double circulation system?
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...
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Name the steps of blood flow in the pulmonary circuit.
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1. Deoxygenated blood from the body travels
through the vena cava to the right atrium
2. Through the right atrioventricular valve to the
right ventricle
3. Through the pulmonary semilunar valve to the
pulmonary trunk and the lungs
4. Blood is oxygenated within pulmonary …
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Name the steps of blood flow in the systemic circuit.
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Oxygenated blood travels from the left ventricle
through the aortic semilunar valve to the aorta
2. Through branching arteries and arterioles to
tissues
3. Through the arterioles to capillaries
4. From capillaries into venules and veins
5. To the vena cava and into the r…
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Define diastole
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is the relaxation phase of the heart cycle.
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define systole
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is the contraction phase.
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Describe the cardiac cycle.
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The heart contracts and relaxes
• Atrial systole
– Both atria contract, AV valves open, semilunar valves are closed
– Ventricles fill
• Ventricular systole
– Both ventricles contract, AV valves close, semilunar valves open
• Diastole
– Both atria and ventricles relax,…
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What causes the lub-dub sound of the heart?
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• Lub-dub heart sound
– Lub: closing of both AV valves during
ventricular systole
– Dub: closing of both semilunar valves
during ventricular diastole
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What is a heart murmur?
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– Caused when blood flow is disturbed
– May be a sign of a defective valve
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Name and describe Angina
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Described as a temporary pain or
tightening that occurs in the chest
that is commonly coupled with
shortness of breath or sensation of
choking or being strangled
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name and describe heart attack
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-Result of impaired blood flow to the heart that
causes sudden death of heart tissue due to lack of oxygen
-most havea history of aginaDamage caused by heart attack is permanent
because the body cannot reproduce cardiac muscle
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name and describe heart failure
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-Condition in which the hear becomes weaker
and less efficient in pumping blood throughout the body conjestive heart failureComplications in pumping blood results in
the build up of pressure in the veins and
capillaries which leads to excess fluid in the surrounding tissues
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name and describe stroke
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-impairment of blood flow to apart of the brain that results in sudden death of brain cells.
-typically the result of brain embolism or arterial rupture
-most common brain injury in western nations
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What is the purpose of the Immune System?
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protect the body from the day to day threat of invasion by the pathogens that surrounf us.
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What is lymph?
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milkly fluid that contains white blood cells, proteins, fats, some intercepted bacteria and viruses.
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Name the 5 parts of the Lymph System and know the function of each part
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...
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How does skin act as a non-specific defense mechanism?
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-provides barrier to prevent exposure.
-has four key attributes
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Name the 6 Defense mechanisms to keep pathogens out of the body and know the function of each
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skin, tears and saliva, earwax and mucus, vomiting and defecation, urination, digestion,vaginal acids, and fever
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Name and describe the non-specific and specific defense mechanisms of the human body
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...
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What are the 3 functions of the Lymph System?
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1. Maintain the volume of blood in the circulatory
system
2. Transports fats and fats soluble vitamins to the
cardiovascular system
3. Defends the body against infection
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Name the 5 types of Antibodies and know the facts listed about each
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igG,igM,igA,igD,igE
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What are B cells?
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-develop specific receptors for antigens.
-remain inactive until specific antigen is encountered.
-bound antigen cause rapid production of clones to counter specific threat.
-clones differentiate inot plasma cells or memory cells.
-makes 2,000 molecules of antibody per…
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What is the shape of an Antibody
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-composed of four polypeptide chains in"Y" shape
-2 large chains are heavy chains, 2 smaller chains are light chains
-variable region allows speficity in antigen binding
-each antibody variable is unique
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what are T cells?
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-cant recognize "whole" antigen react to fragemnts that are presented to them.
can differentiate into 2 type: CD4T-cells, CD8T-cells
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What are Cytotoxic T Cells?
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have CD8 surface receptors.
-also called killer cells
-also produces clones.
-directly attacks and kills other cells: secretes perforin, secretes granzyme
-multiply, migrate, murder
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Name the functions of the upper respiratory tracts
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-acts as passageway for respiration.
-has receptors for smell.
-filters larger foreign material from oncoming air, inhaled microorganisms are entrapped in mucus.
-cilia move mucus out-cough, swallow or digest
-moistens and warms incoming air-epithelial cells secrete mucus: blo…
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Name the functions of the lower respiratory tract
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-larynx(epiglottis; vocal cord;) maintains an open airways, routes food and air appropriately, assists in sound production
-trachea: transports air to and form lungs.
-bronchi: branch into lungs
-lungs: transport air to alveoli for gas exchange
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In what lung structure does gas exchange occur?
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pulmonary capillaries in alveolar walls
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Know the pathway of air flow.
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pharynx, larnyx and trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, then alveoli
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Where is the respiratory center located in the brain?
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brain stem = medulla oblongata
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Define asthma
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spasmodic contractionon bronchi.
-caused by episodic allergic responses.
-controlled by bronchodilators and corticosteriods
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define emphysema
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aveoli permanently impaired.
-breathlessness due to decreased surface area for gas exchange.
-smaller airways collaspe due to lost elasticity.
cant exhale gases.
most cases result from smoking.
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define bronchitis
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inflammation of bronchi.
-may be acute or chonic
-most cases related to smoking or air pollution
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define cystic fibrosis
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an inherited condition.
-abnormally thick mucus in lungs impedes air flows.
-frequent pulmonary infections.
-other organ systems may be affected.
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What is the name of the maneuver to use on a choking victim?
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heimlich maneuver
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How does smoking affect the lungs?
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-breathing exposes your respiratory tissues to potentially damaging chemicals, including one of the worst pollutants, tobacco smoke.
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BSC 109: EXAM 2