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BSC 108: TEST 2
Energy
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the capacity to perform work
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Kinetic energy
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energy in motion
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Potential energy
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stored energy
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Conservation of energy principle
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energy can be transformed from one form to another, but cannot be created or destroyed
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Heat |
type of kinetic energy
-Product of all energy conversions
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Entropy
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Measure of disorder or randomness in the universe
-All energy conversions increase entropy
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Chemicals
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form of potential energy
-Found in gases
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Calorie |
The amount of energy it takes to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree celcius
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Calorie unit
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"c"
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Food calorie
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We use kilocalories (1000 calories) to measure the calories in food
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Cellular respiration
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Energy releasing chemical breakdown of glucose molecules from food, which provides the necessary energy for cell functions
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Cellular Respiration equation
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C6H12O6+6O2 - 6CO2+6H2O+Energy(as ATP)
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ATP |
Adenosine Triphosphate, energy currency in all cells
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ADP
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Adenosine Diphosphate, result of ATP losing a phosphate
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Steps of Cellular Respiration
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Glycolosis
Citric Acid (Krebs) Cycle
Electron Transport Chain and ATP synthase
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Metabolism
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the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in organisms
-Few metabolic reactions can occur without enzymes
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Activation Energy
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Energy that activates the reactants in a chemical reaction
-Enzymes lower activation energy which means that chemical reactions can occur which less energy present
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Induced fit
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active site fits to the substrate, and changes the enzyme shape slightly
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Enzyme inhibitors
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-inhibit metabolic reaction
-inhibitor binds to the active site, acting as an impostor enzyme
-inhibitor binds at a remote site, changing the shape of the active site
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Cell controls
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-flow of energy
-pace of chemical reactions
-flow of materials to and from the environment
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Passive transport
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diffusion across a membrane requiring no energy
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diffusion
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the movement of molecules across a membrane, to a lower concentration
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equilibrium |
molecules are equal on both sides of a membrane
-is the result of diffusion
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facilitated diffusion
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transport of some substances by specific transport proteins which act as selective corridors
-another form of passive transport
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osmosis
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passive transport of water across a selectively permeable membrane
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tonic
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solute |
hypotonic
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less solute than solvent
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hypertonic |
more solute than solvent
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isotonic |
equal distribution/concentration of solute and solvent
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Osmoregulation |
control of water balance in animal cells
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active transport
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requires energy to ppump molecules across a membrane
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exocytosis |
secretes substances outside of the cell
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endocytosis
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bring substance into cell
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receptor mediated endocytosis
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external molecules bind to receptor proteins creating a signal transduction pathway
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phagocytosis |
cellular eating
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pinocytosis
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cellular drinking
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photosynthesis
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use of light energy to power chemical processes by creating organic molecules
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Life on earth is...
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solar powered
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Photosynthesis equation
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6CO2+6H20+Energy - C6H12O6+6O2
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Animals depend on plants to use solar energy to
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-create chemical energy of sugar
-produce the oxygen we breathe
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Autotroph |
self feeder, creates organic molecules from inorganic molecules
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autotrophs are...
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producers
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Producers
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create their own food, and the ecosystem depends on them for food
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Heterotrophs
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other feeds, can't produce organic molecules from inorganic molecules
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Heterotrophs are...
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consumers |
Consumers |
they eat plants and/or other animals
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Chloroplasts use light energy to rearrange CO2 and H2O which produces:
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sugar
oxygen
other organic byproducts
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Plants and animal cells perform cellular respiration which primarily occurs in the
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mitochondria |
Only plants perform photosynthesis which:
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creates glucose and oxygen
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Aerobic respiration
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requires oxygen, creates 38 ATP
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Cellular respiration is an
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aerobic process
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Aerobic metabolism is achieved when
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enough oxygen reaches the cells to support the cells energy demands
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Anaerobic metabolism
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demand for oxygen is greater than the bodies ability to deliver it
-creates 2 ATP
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Fermentation
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anaerobic harvesting of food energy
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Lactic acid
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by product of fermentation
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biomass |
living material - renewable resource
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photosynthesis occurs in the
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chloroplasts in plants
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chloroplasts are found in the
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mesophyll of plants
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stroma |
thick fluid in chloroplasts
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thylakoids |
membraneous sacs in chloroplasts
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stomata |
pores in leaves which allow gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, in and out of the plant
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granum
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stack of thylakoids
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steps of photosynthesis
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light reactions
calvin cycle
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light reacitons
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convert solar energy to chemical energy
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calvin cycle
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makes sugar from CO2
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sunlight is
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radiation or electromagnetic energy
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Electromagnetic spectrum
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full range of radiation, not all visible
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visible light
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used in photosynthesis
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pigments |
colors in the plant which are absorbed
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red and blue
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are the colors best absorbed by the chloroplasts
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reen light
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is reflected, this is why leaves are green
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carotenoids
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orange and red
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chlorphyll
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green, masks the carotenoids in the springs/summer
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photon
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packet of light energy
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Two types of photosystems in light reactions
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water splitting
NADPH producing
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Electron transport chain
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connects the two photosystems
releases the energy which the chlorplasts use to make ATP
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Calvin cycle
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makes sugar from CO2, can occur without sunlight
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Calvin Cycle steps
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-obtains CO2 from air
GP3 sugars are created
Other GP3 molecules re-enter the cycle to keep in continuous
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C3 plants
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use CO2 directly from air-most common
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C4 plants
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close stomata to save water during hot/dry times
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CAM Plants
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open stomata only at night to conserve H2O
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Greenhouse effect
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warms the atmosphere
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cell division
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heart or reproduction, whether sexual or asexual
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infertility
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inability to reproduce, effect 1/10 couples
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in vitro fertilization
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sperm and egg joined in a petri dish
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reproduction
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may result in the birth of new organisms
more commonly involves the production of new cells
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cell division
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reproduction of cells
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how many daughter cells are produced in cell division
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2 |
asexual reproduction
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single cell organisms reproduce through cell division
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mitosis |
asexual
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sexual
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sexual
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mitosis |
growth and maintenance
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meiosis |
reproduction
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eukaryotic cells
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genes located on chromosomes in the nucleus
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chromosomes |
made of chromatin, aren't visible in cell until cell division occurs
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chromatin |
combination of DNA and protein molecules
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somatic cell
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any cell besides sperm or egg
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human somatic cells contain
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46 chromosomes
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DNA in the cell is
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coiled and folded
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histone |
protein used to package DNA in eukaryotic cells
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nucleosome
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consists of DNA wrapped around a histone
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before a cell divides
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it duplicates all its chromosomes
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centromere
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point where sister chromatids join
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cell cycle order
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interphase, mitotic phase, 4 phases of mitosis
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interphase
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metabolism and growth, the cell spends 90% of time in this phase
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mitotic phase
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reproduction, the cell spends 10% of time in this phase
-tow overlapping processes-mitosis and cytokinesis
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Mitosis |
nucleus divides into two daughter nuclei
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cytokinesis |
divides cytoplasm, different in animals and plants
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cleavage furrow
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point of cell division in animals
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cell plate
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point of cell division in plants
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4 phases of mitosis
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prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase
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prophase
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chromatin coil into chromosomes
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metaphase
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chromosomes line up in the middle of the cells
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anaphase |
daughter chromosomes pull away towards the polar nuclei
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telephase
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cells divide and form nuclear envelope
-cytokinesis occurs during telephase
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specialized cells
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never divide
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p53
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a tumor suppressing gene
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BPDE
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a chemical in tobacco smoke which blocks p53
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codon |
stop and go signals
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cancer kills
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1:5 people in the US
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tumor |
masses of cells growing on top of each other
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malignant
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tumor which is spreading, referred to as cancer
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benighn |
tumor which is not growing, not referred to as cancer
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metastasis
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spread of cancer
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carcinomas
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external/internal covering
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sarcomas
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support tissue
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leukemia
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in bone marrow
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lymphomas
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in lymph glands
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oncogene
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cancerous gene
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proto-oncogene
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normal gene which becomes an oncogene
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tumor suppressor gene
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inhibit cell division
prevents uncontrolled cell growth
may mutate and contribute to cancer
forces apoptosis if necessary
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apoptosis |
programmed cell suicide
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