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ISS 215: MID-TERM
Conflict Theory
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Higher arrest rate for Black because they are relatively poor and cannot afford attorneys who might prevent formal arrests
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Median income of Blacks/Whites
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Blacks- $37,500
Whites- $64,663
Black income resembles Whites of 10 years ago
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Poverty level for Blacks/Whites
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Blacks- 24.7%
Whites- 8.4%
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Victimization Surveys
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Annual systematic surveys of ordinary people to reveal how much crime occurs
Blacks are 22% more likely to be victims of violent crime than are whites
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Environmental Justice
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Efforts to ensure that hazardous substances are controlled so that all communities receive protection regardless of rate or socioeconomic circumstances
Landfills or plants or generally by low-income neighborhoods
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Gerrymandering |
Bizarre outlining of districts to create politically advantageous outcomes
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Redlining
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practice of denying, or charging more for, services such as banking, insurance, access to health care, or even supermarkets, or denying access to jobs to residents in particular, often racially determined, areas
Outlawed by the Community reinvestment Act
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Zoning laws
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Legal provisions stipulating land use and the design of housing
Often used to keep racial minorities and ow-income people out of suburban areas
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World Systems Theory
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A view of the global economic system as divided between nations that control wealth and those that provide natural resources and labor
Ex: Exploitation of Native Americans and their land (natural resources and labor) by European invaders (wealth)
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Merton's Typology
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Unprejudiced non-discriminator- all-weather liberal
Unprejudiced discriminator- reluctant liberal
Prejudiced non-discriminator- timid bigot
Prejudiced discriminator- all-weather bigot
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Naturalization
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Acquisition of citizenship and nationality by somebody who was not a citizen of that country at the time of birth
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Remittances |
Transfer of money by a foreign worker to his or her home country.
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Refugees
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People living outside their country because of persecution
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Colonialism
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A foreign's power to maintain political, social, economic control over people for an extended period of time
Ex: British Empire over India
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Amalgamation
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Process by which a dominant group and a subordinate group mix by intermarriage to form a new group
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CONTACT Hypothesis
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Intergroup contact between people of equal status in noncompetitive circumstances will reduce prejudice
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Self-fulfilling Prophecy
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Tendency to respond to and act on the basis of stereotypes
Can lead to validate false definitions
Ex: Child who is praised for being naturally funny will focus on learning to become funny to gain approval or attention
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Stratification
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Structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal rewards and power
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Indian Claims Commission
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Created to hear claims against U.S from tribes
Ex: Treaty violations
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Ethnicity Paradox
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Maintenance of one's ethnic ties in a way that can assist with assimilation in larger society
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German Americans
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Largest group in America
Settled in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan
Anti-German acts During WWI and WWII
11,000 German Americans interned
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Irish Americans
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Anglicans from England and Presbyterians from Scotland arrived first
Catholics arrived later and became dominant religion
Maintained their cultural heritage
Discriminated against in housing, jobs, education because of Catholicism
Figured prominently in the Democratic Party to address poverty and inadequate housing
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Sects |
Group with distinctive religious beliefs that break away from a larger group
Ex: Lutheran
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Cults
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Pejorative term that refers to a group whose beliefs are considered abnormal
Ex: Waco in Texas
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Total Discrimination
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Combination of current and past discrimination created by poor schools and menial jobs
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Informal Economy
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Transfer of money, goods, or services that are not reported to the government
Found in inner-city neighborhoods and poverty-stricken areas
Seasonal/Infrequent employment
Participants lack training/skills to be hired in primary labor market
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Fair Employment Practices Commission
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No real power to stop employers from discriminating against Blacks
Franklin roosevelt initiative
Opposed by southern Whites
Inadequate funding
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Brown v. Board of Education
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"separate but equal facilities" are unconstitutional
A lot of resistance to decision
State and Local government ignored ruling
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Civil Rights Act of 1964
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Established EEOC
Prohibited discrimination in voting, public accommodations, jobs
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Central conditions of slavery
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For life
Inherited
Slaves considered property
Slaves denied rights
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Slave codes
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Laws that defined the low position of slaves in America
Varied from state to state
Violations meant punishment
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JIm Crow Laws
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Laws passed in southern states to keep Blacks in their place
Ex: Poll taxes, Literacy tests, lack of access to public facilities
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Restrictive Covenant
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Private contract or agreement that discourages minority group members from purchasing housing in a neighborhood
Usually attached to deed
Ex: Blacks cannot own this property
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CORE
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Founded in 1942
Fought discrimination with nonviolent, direct action
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Exclusionary zoning
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Applied to local zoning measures that impose costs or requirements that exclude certain uses
Ex: Many wealthy suburban communities have single family residential areas zoned such that very large and expensive lots, and architectural features are required of development
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Apartheid schools
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All-Black schools
1 out of every 6 Black students attend
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Tracking
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Practice of placing students in specific curriculum groups on the basis of test scores and other criteria
Blacks assigned to general classes and whites assigned to college prep classes
Integration is NOT a success of public education
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Differential Justice
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Whites are dealt with more leniently than Blacks
Application of hardest judgment is death penalty
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Marginality
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The status of being two cultures at the same time
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Globalization |
Worldwide integration of policies, cultures, social movements, and financial markets through trade, movements of people, and the exchange of ideas
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Authoritarian personality
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Likely to be prejudiced and use others as scapegoats
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Reducing Prejudice (4)
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Education
Mass Media
Intergroup contact
Workplace training programs
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Bogardus Scale
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technique used to measure social distance (tendency to approach or withdraw from a racial group) toward different racial and ethnic groups
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Mixed Status
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Families in which one or more members are citizens and one or more are not
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Transnationals
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Immigrants who sustain multiple social relationships that link their societies of origin and settlement
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Conservative/Liberal Religions
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Liberal- United Church of Christ, Episcopalians
Moderates- Disciples of Christ, Methodists, Presbyterians
Conservatives- American Lutherans, American Baptists
Fundamentalists- Southern Baptists, Assembly of God, Missouri Synod Lutherans
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Asylees
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Foreigners who have already entered the I.S and now seek protection because of persecution
More formal than refugees
Permanent
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First immigrants to the U.S
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Protestants from England
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Matthew Shepard and Kames Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act
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Gives DOJ power to investigate and prosecute against hate crimes
Signed into law October, 2009 by President Obama
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Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
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Replaced National Origin System
Goal was to reunite families and protect American labor market
Restricted immigration from Latin America
Primary source of immigrants came from Italy, greece, Portugal, Mexico, West Indies
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National Origin System
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Reduced overall immigration
Significantly reduced immigration from Southern Europe, Italy, Greece, Asia with the use of quotas
Occurred because of anti-immigration sentiment and WW1
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Chinese Exclusion Act
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Ended Chinese immigration
Denied naturalization rights to Chinese already in the U.S
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Removal Act
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Relocated tribes west of the Mississippi
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Allotment Act
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Subdivided tribal lands into individual household plots
Way to merge tribes into White culture
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Reorganization Act
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Required tribes to develop election-based governments and leaders
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Termination Act
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Stopped federal services
Closed reservations
Federal government resumed services in 1975
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Sovereignty
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Tribal self-rule
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Slavery reparation
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The act of making amends for the injustices of slavery
Financial compensation
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SNCC
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Played a major role in sit-ins
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NAACP |
Founded by Niagara Movement leaders
Merged White liberalism with Black militancy
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Black Panthers
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Founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale
Blacks should not assimilate
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Panethnicity
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The development of solidarity between ethnic subgroups
Ex: Hispanics
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Latinos
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Account for more than 1 in 8 people in the U.S
Earn 70 cents to the dollar of Whites
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Color Gradient
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the placement of people on a continuum from light to dark skin color rather than distinct racial groupings by skin color
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Borderlands
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The area of a common culture along the border between Mexico and the United States
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Maquiladoras |
Foreign-owned companies on the Mexican side of the border with the United States
More than 40% of the 700,000 maquiladora jobs were eliminated due to lower wages in China
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Hometown Clubs
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Nonprofit organizations that maintain close ties to immigrants' hometowns in Mexico and other Latin America countries
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Dry foot, Wet foot
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Policy toward Cuban immigrants that allows those who manage to reach the U.S to remain but sends those who are picked up at sea back to Cuba
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Marielitos |
People who arrived from Cuba in the third wave of Cuban immigration, specifically those forcibly deported by way of Mariel Harbor
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Remittances |
Monies that immigrants return to their country of origin
$24 billion annually
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Cuban American Immigration
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1.7 million of Cuban descent in the U.S (49% in Miami)
1st wave
200,000 after Fidel Castro came into power
Stopped after Cuban Missile Crisis when legal movement between Cuba and U.S was halted
2nd wave (Freedom Flights)
340,000
Most settled in Miami
3rd wave (Freedom Flotilla)
124,000 (Marielitos) came on boats
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Cuban American Current Picture
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Compare favorably to other hispanics in social measures
Accepted White culture
Cuban American National Foundation (have strong anti-castro stance)
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Political Power of Latinos
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Ballots must be bilingual if 5% or 10,000 people in city do not speak English
Generally more Democratic
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Mojados
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"Wetbacks"
Mexicans who enter U.S illegally
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Mexican Immigration
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Mexican Revolution thrust refugees into the U.S
Was not restricted until 1965
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Repatriation
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1930's program of deporting Mexicans
Relieve economic pressure of Great Depression
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Pentecostalism
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Similar to evangelical faiths
Conservative
Believe in the infusion of the Holy Spirit into services and religious experiences
Churches are usually small and offer a sense of community
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Orientalism
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Simplistic view of the people and history of the Middle East
No recognition of change over time or diversity
Created stereotype of hundreds of millions of people
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Jihad |
Struggle against the enemies of Allah
Ones own internal struggle
Many Muslims see this as meaning carrying out an armed struggle against enemies of Palestine (Israel and U.S)
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Islamophobia
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Negative feelings toward Muslims
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Desi
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Colloquial name for people with South Asia (India and Pakistan) ancestry
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Yellow Peril
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Generalized prejudice toward Asian people and their customs
Saw as heathen, morally inferior, drug addicted, and savages
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Gook Syndrome
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David Riesman developed term
American tendency to stereotype Asians as all alike and undesirable
Brought on by U.S media
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Issei |
1st generation immigrants from Japan to U.S
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Sansei
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3rd generation Japanese Americans
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Nisei
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2nd generation Japanese Americans
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Yonsei |
4th generation Japanese Americans
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Kibei |
Nisei generation sent back to Japan for education and arranged marriages
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Zionism |
Traditional Jewish religious yearning to return to the biblical homeland
Now used to refer to support for the state of Israel
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Diaspora |
Exile of Jews from Palestine
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Holocaust
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State-sponsored systematic persecution and annihilation of European Jewry by Nazi Germany
2/3 of Europe's Jewish population were killed
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Kristallnacht |
90 Berlin Jews were murdered
Jewish homes set on fire
Jewish storeowners windows broken
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Androgyny |
Being both masculine and feminine
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Sexism
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Idea that one sex is superior to another
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Glass Ceiling
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Barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified worker because of gender or minority status
15% of CEO jobs are held by women
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Homophobia |
Fear and prejudice towards gays and lesbians
More respectable form of bigotry than prejudice against race or religion
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People with Disabilities
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36 million people
Media has contributed to the stereotyping
2/3 of working age people with a disability are unemployed
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Stonewall Riots
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Late 1960's
Violent demonstrations by members of gay community against police
Beginning of gay and lesbian movements
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American Psychiatric Association
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Removed gay from being an illness in 1973
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AIDS |
Backlash against gays in 1980's
Cocktail drug in 1990's
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Lawrence v. Texas
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Ruled that practicing being gay is legal
Was felony prior to the ruling
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Defense of Marriage Act
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Denied federal recognition of same-sex marriages
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Americans with Disabilities Act
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Prohibits discrimination towards people with disabilities
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Older Women's League
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Focuses on access to health insurance, Social Security benefits, and pension reform
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American Association of Retired Persons
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40 million members (43% of people 50 and older)
Discounts and insurance for members
Started Minority Affairs Initiative
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Age Discrimination in Employment Act
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Protects workers 40 years or older from being fired because of age
Prevents replacement by younger individuals
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Suffrage Movement
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South was opposed because of more black voters and and the role they played in the abolitionist movement
Amendment to give women the right to vote was introduced in 1879, but was not passed
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Nineteenth Amendment
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1919
Gave women right to vote
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Elderly Statistics
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Women outnumber men 3 to 2
Women outnumber men 5 to 2 in oldest age segment
80% are white non-hispanic
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Gray Panthers
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Founded by Meggie Kahn
Focus on anti-war, health care, gay marriage, and environmentalism
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Transgendered (Transsexuals)
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People whose gender is not the same as it was at birth
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Transvestites
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People who wear clothing of the opposite sex
Cross-dressers
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AIDS Coalition To Unleash Power (ACT-UP)
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Most outspoken AIDS activist group
Created new gay and lesbian constituencies
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National Coalition of Anti-violence Programs
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Documented more than 2,000 bias motivated incidents
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Bowers v. Hardwick
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Ruled that constitution does not protect homosexual relations
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Feminine Mystique
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Betty Frieden (founder of National Organization for Women)
Society's view of a woman as only her children's mother and husband's wife
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Feminization of Poverty
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Trend since 1970 in which women account for a growing proportion of those who live below the poverty line
29.9% of households headed by single mothers lived in poverty
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Women and Politics
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53% of voters
78 female representatives
20 female senators
More representation on state and local level
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Jews and Politics
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Mostly Democrat
Joseph Lieberman (Al Gore's vice presidential running mate)
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Anti-semitism
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Most prevalent in 1920's and 1930's
Supported by Ku Klux Klan, German American Bund, Henry Ford, and Charles Lindbergh
25% of Jews feel it is a serious problem in the U.S today
Use of Internet to spread
26% of Americans felt Jews were "responsible for Christ's death"
More than two-thirds of religious hate crimes in the U.S are against Jews
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Anti-Defamation League
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Makes an annual survey of reported anti-Semitic incidents
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Jewish Immigration
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2nd largest Jewish population in the world (5 million)
First Jews arrived in 1654 from Spain and Portugal (Sephardic)
Largest Jewish migration occurred at the turn of the 19th century
Jews arriving in 1930's were refugees
44% in the Northeastern part of the U.S
Majority of Jews in 1960's and 1970's came from Israel
Recent immigration has been from Israel, Soviet Union, and Iran
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Israel Law of Return
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Defines who is a Jew
Extends citizenship to all Jews
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Tsu
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Clans established along family lines
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Hui Kuan
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Benevolent associations organized based on the person's district of origin in China
Lend money and settle disputes between members
Part of an unofficial government called the Chinese Six Companies (CCBA)
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Tongs
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Chinese American secret societies
Membership is based on common interests
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U.S Chinatowns
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Do not want to show problems because tourist won't come
Substandard paying jobs
Poverty
Poor Healthcare
Crime
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Chinese Immigration
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More than 3 million
Increase in immigration after the 1965 Immigration Act
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Executive Order 9066
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Signed by President Roosevelt
Authorized forced removal of Japanese
120,000 (90%) put in internment camps
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Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians |
Government apologized
Gave $20,000 to 82,000 surviving internees
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Civil Liberties Act
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Signed by Ronald Reagan
Authorized payments
Payments came slow
First checks issued in 1990
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Intermarriage
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1/4 of Chinese American under 24 marry someone who is not Chinese
2/3 of all children born to a Japanese American had a parent of a different race
Whites are accepting Asian Americans
Asian Americans ties to native culture are weakening
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Model Minority
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Minority group that has succeeded economically, socially, and educationally without resorting to political or violent confrontation
50% of Asian Americans have bachelors degrees compared to 28% of Whites
Experience discomfort, harassment, and feel alienated on campus
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Gran Torino
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2008 motion picture
Portrayed the challenges faced by the Hmong culture
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Korean Immigration
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1.3 million
1st wave
7,000 laborers migrated to Hawaii
2nd wave
14,000 during and after the Korean War
Most were war orphans and wives of American servicemen
3rd wave
Initiated by 1965 Immigration Act
Well educated with professional skills
40% arrived since 1990
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Ilchomose
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"1.5 generation" of Korean Americans
Immigrated to the U.S as children
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Malcolm X
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Critical of Martin Luther King Jr. and Civil Rights Movement
Created Organization of Afro-American Unity
Non-violent
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Muslims and Politics
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Mostly conservative
58% Democrat and 13% Republican
Ralph Nader was most visible arab American
Faith encourages political participation
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Muslim Immigration
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Began with slavery in the 17th century
National Origins System slowed immigration to the U.S
Immigration increased after 1965 Immigration Act
30% decrease in immigration after 9/11
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Culture of Poverty
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Developed by Oscar Lewis
Way of life that involves no future planning, no commitment to marriage, and no work ethic
Another way of blaming the victim
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Black Muslims
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1.7 million (5% of all African Americans)
90% of all converts
10% of African slaves were Muslim
Not tightly organized into a single religious fellowship
Have conflicting views with larger Islamic community
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Nation of Islam
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Controversial organization
Goal was to improve the spiritual, mental, social, and economic condition of African Americans
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Cesar Chavez
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Formed National Farm Workers Association (UFW)
Improved working condition
Better wages
No savings to pay for organizing
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Hispanic Religion
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Most important formal organization is church
58% of Hispanics were Catholic in 2007
Account for more than 1/3 of the Catholics in the U.S
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Operation Wetback and Special Force Operation
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Crackdown on illegal Mexican immigration
Was not successful
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Mexican American Legal Defense and Education Fund
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Expressed concern over the handling of illegal immigrants
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