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ANTH 120: MIDTERM 3
Hominin |
humans and their bipedal ancestors
increased brains
decreases in dental and facial morphology |
Bipedal Traits |
adaptations to balance on two feet
adaptations to resist compressive forces
adaptations for endurance walking and running
center of gravity falls between two feet when standing
S shaped spinal curvature
Wide, rounded pelvis
large femoral head with valagus angle and patellar lip
2 foot arches with adducted toe |
quadrupedal traits |
bent hip bent knww
lateral displacement of center of gravity
weight distribution between four legs
longer pelvis
abducted toe
c shaped spine |
non human bipedal walking |
bent hip bent knee
highly inefficient
lateral displacement of center of gravity |
C- shaped spine |
quadrupedal walking |
S shaped spine |
bipedal walking
two curves-lumbar(inward) toracic (outward)
keeps trunk centered above pelvis |
the bipedal pelvis |
shortened illium
basin shape to support organs
shorter broader pelvis stabilizes with transmission from lower back to hip joint
alters relationship of gluteus muscles to abduct upper body over standing leg
gluteus muscles help stabalize hip |
bipedal femur |
large femoral head
valgus angle keeps legs under body
patellar grove and lateral lip |
bipedal feet |
short phalanges
distribution of weight throughout step
2 arches-transverse and lateral
adducted toe
large heal |
hominin cranial features |
increased brain size
sexual dimorphism
cultural adaptations to food processing
small face-large vault
orthonagtic
foramen magnum towards center |
hominin dentition |
small, spatulate canines
sexually monomorphic
bicuspid premolars
parabolic arcade
no honing
apical wear on canine |
hunting/carrying hypothesis |
charles darwin
by freeing up hands, you can carry weapons that allow for meat hunting
problem:bipeds were present before tool use, dentition reduced before tools appear |
patchy forest hypothesis |
arose in areas where the forests were fragmented, hands needed to pick up food and access most resources
problem: early hominins were found in woodlands |
male provisioning hypothesis |
males carried food back for dependents
problem: nothing provable in fossil record |
solar radiation hypothesis |
pete wheeler
standing up increases exposure to wind and decrease heat from ground...regulating internal temperature
problem: why are there not more bipeds? |
arboreal biped hypothesis |
as body size increases higher limbs couldn't support weight so they could stand on safer lower limbs but get higher resources in trees |
mosaic evolution |
a pattern of evolution in which the rates of evolution in one functional system vary from those in other systems |
paleoanthropology |
the study of early humans
multidisciplinary |
early hominins |
sahelanthropus tchadensis
Orrorin tugensis
Ardipithicus kadaba (early) ramidus (late) |
pre-australopithicus features |
large face
large jaw
no honing
possible biped
late miocene |
location of tchadensis |
chad |
time range of tchadensis |
7.4-5.2mya |
environment of tchadensis |
forrest near a lake |
cranial size and morphology of tchadensis |
vertical face
anterior foramen magnum
large brow ridge
small brain |
dental adaptations of tchadensis |
smaller non honing canines with apical wear
U shaped arcade |
significance of tchadensis |
earliest hominin
only early hominin outside of E.Africa
debated lineage |
date range of tugensis |
6mya
late miocene |
location of tugensis |
Tugen Hills, Kenya |
Enviroment of tugensis |
wooded to forrest habitat |
dental adaptations of tugensis |
large, upper canine |
post-cranial adaptations of tugensis |
long femoral neck
long spherical femoral head
humeral climbing adaptations |
significance of tugensis |
undisputed evidence of bipedalism |
time of ramidus |
4.4 mya |
Location of ramidus |
Middle Awash, Ethiopia |
environment of ramidus |
woodland patchy forest |
cranial size and morphology of ramidus |
brain size similar to chimps
small face |
dental adaptations of ramidus |
reduced honing
incisor type canine
no sexual dimorphism in teeth |
post cranial adaptations of ramidus |
little sexual dimorphism
2 foot arches
no suspension, vertical climbing or knuckwalking
palmigrade clamboring-arboreal
short, curved pelvis
abducted big toe, moderate foot curvature
expansion of apical turfs
foot arches present
long phalanges
IMI 100
strong elbow
forward foramen magnum
ilium points anteriorly
anterior inferior iliac spine |
significance of ramidus |
2009 breakthrough of the years
last common ancestor to humans was NOT like a chimp
hominins and apes have very different evolutionary pathways
grasslands were driving force in bipedality |
Australopithecus traits |
4.2-1.8mya
bipedal
arboreal
small brain
big teeth
mosaic of primitive and derived traits
true bipeds
small body
grassy forest environment
prognathic
larger canines and incisors
toes and hands with slight curvature
high IMI-long arms relative to legs
strong sexual dimorphism
lumbar curve
short broad pelvis
valgus angle
adducted big toe
non honing canines
pliocene |
species in australopithecus |
anamnesis
afarensis
africanus
banrelghazali
garhi
sediba |
location of anamnesis |
Kenya (Allial Bay and Kenapoli)
Ethiopia (Aramis and Middle Awash) |
time of anamnesis |
4.2-3.9mya |
environment of anamnesis |
woodland |
cranial size and morphology of anamnesis |
prognathic |
dental adaptation of anamnesis |
non honing canines
unicusped pre molar
u shaped arcade
canine reduction
apical wear on canine |
post cranial adaptations of anamnesis |
bipedal tibia
climbing humorous
enlarged tibia plateau |
significane of anamnesis |
earliest documented austriopith
arose from ramidus |
Location of afarensis |
Ethiopia (Hadar, Middle Awash)
Tanzania (Laetoli) |
Time of afarensis |
3.9-2.8mya |
cranial size and morphology of afarensis |
prognathic face
ape size brain |
dental adaptations of afarensis |
moderated canines with diastema
large incisors
u shaped arcade
large molars |
post cranial adaptations of afarensis |
climbing features in arms and hands
clearly bipedal
short, broad ilium facing to the side
valgus angle
knee joint is nice and elliptical
IMI 118-121 |
significane of afarensis |
most fossils
highly documented
bipedal |
lucy |
afarensis
don johanson
hadar, ethiopia
3.4-2.9mya |
first family |
afarensis
don johanson
hadar, ethiopia
6.5-2.9mya |
Dikika |
afarensis
Middle Awash, Ethiopia
first infant |
Location of africanus |
South Africa (Taung, Sterfontein, Makapaansgat) |
time of africanus |
3.2-2.2mya |
cranial size and morphology of africanus |
small cranial capacity
moderate prognathism
no suborbital torus
rounded cranial vault
nasal pillars
more flexed base |
dental adaptations of africanus |
small canine, large molars and premolars
no diastema |
post cranial adaptations of africanus |
some arboreal features
long forelimb to hindlimb |
tung child |
africanus
discovered by raymond dart
very young
was discounted because of eoanthropas dawsoni |
Location of banrelghazali |
Koko Toro, Chad |
time of banrelghazali |
3.4-3mya |
cranial morphology of banrelghazali |
verticle mandible |
significance of banrelghazali |
only australopith to have lived in N.Africa |
Location of Garhi |
Bori, Ethiopia |
time of Garhi |
2.5 mya |
cranial size and morphology of Garhi |
strong prognathism
small sagital crest |
dental adaptations of Garhi |
megadontia
meat eating? |
post cranial adaptations of Garhi |
High IMI
longer legs
human like humeral/femoral ration |
significance of Garhi |
earliest appearance of femoral elongation
possible tool use
possible ancestor to homo
possible first scavenger or hunter |
what was found at Bouri, Ethiopia |
processing bones for fatty marrow
earliest documented percussion marks
Garhi |
Location of Sediba |
Malapa cave, S.Africa |
time of Sediba |
1.9-1.7mya |
environment of Sediba |
woodland |
Cranial size and morphology of Sediba |
flatter face
small cranial capacity |
dental adaptations of sediba |
smaller molar teeth |
post cranial adaptations of Sediba |
modern pelvis and hand
primitive foot |
significance of Sediba |
possible descendant of africanus
precursor to homo |
what is the difference between paranthropus and autralopithicus |
paranthropus has thicker bones, massive cheek teeth, and cranial cresting |
key features of paranthropus |
large sagital crest
flaring anterior zygomatic dished face
large cheek teeth and small incisors
muscles of mastication generate huge force |
species included in paranthropus |
aethiopicus
boisei
robustus |
location of aethiopicus |
Ethiopia and Kenya |
time of aethiopicus |
2.7-2.3mya |
environment of aethiopicus |
grasslands |
cranial size and morphology of aethiopicus |
small brain
dished face
prognathic |
location of boisei |
Tanzania
ethiopia
kenya |
time of boisei |
2.5-1.4mya |
discoverer of boisei |
the leakeys |
environment of boisei |
wet grassland |
cranial size and morphology of boisei |
flatter face
brain: 500-550cc
facial pillars
cranial flexion
deeper temporal mandibular joint |
OH 5 Zinjanthropist |
boisei
discovered by the leakeys |
KM WT 17000 |
The black skull
aethipoicus |
time of robustus |
1.8-1.5mya |
location of robustus |
S. Africa (Swartkrans and Kromdraii) |
tends that distinguish homo from australopiths |
encephilizations
increased body size
dietary shift
precision grip |
species in homo |
habilis
rudolfensis |
time of habilis |
2.5-1.4mya |
location of habilis |
Koobi Fora, Kenya
Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania |
discoverer of habilis |
leakey |
cranial size and morphology of homo rudolfis KNM-ER 1470 |
cranial capacity: 750cc
no suborbital torus
slight facial dishing
bell shaped |
dental adaptations of homo rudolfis KNM-ER 1470 |
larger teeth
three rooted premolars
no p3 reduction |
location of homo rudolfis KNM-ER 1470 |
Koobi Fora, Kenya |
discover of homo rudolfis KNM-ER 1470 |
leakey |
cranial size and morphology of homo habilis KNM-ER 1813 |
cranial capaticy:510cc
supraorbital torus
flatter face
spherical |
dental anatomy of homo habilis KNM-ER 1813 |
smaller teeth
2 rooted premolars
p3 reduction |
issues with 1470 and 1813 |
1470 may be late austra and 1813 may be early homo
two seperate species |
discover of homo habilis KNM-ER 1813 |
leakey |
location of homo habilis KNM-ER 1813 |
Koobi Fora, Kenya |
Chad |
sahelanthropus tchadensis
Koko Toro- Austrolopithicus Banrelghazi |
South Africa |
Taung, Sterfontain, and Makapasgat- Australopithicus Africanus
Malapa Cave- Australopithicus Sediba
Swartkrams and Kromdraii- Paranthropus Robustus |
Ethiopia |
Paranthropus Aethiopicus
Paranthropus Boisei
Middle Awash- Ardipithicus ramidus, Australopithicus anamensis, australopithicus afarensis (Dikika)
Aramis- Austrolopithicus anamensis
Hadar- Australopithicus afarensis (Lucy &First family)
Bori- Austrolopithicus Garhi, fatty marrow, stone markings
Gona- stone tools |
Kenya |
Paranthropus Aethiopicus
Paranthropus Boisei
Tugen Hills- Orrorin tugensis
Kanapoli and Allial Bay- Australopithicus anamnsis
Koobi Fora-Homo habilius, KNM-ER 1470, KNM-ER 1813 |
Tanzania |
Paranthropus Boisei
Olduvai George-Homo habolis
Laetoli- australopithicus afarensis |