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ANAT - A 215: EXAM 1
Simple Squamous Epithelium
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Single row of flattened cells.
Filtration/Diffusion.
Air sacs in lungs and lumen of blood vessels
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Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
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Secretion/absorption
Lines tubules of kidneys and ducts of most glands
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Simple Columnar Epithelium
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Secretion/Absorption
Microvilli brush border
goblet cells
GI tract
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Merocrine Exocrine Gland
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Secretion passes from a cell-cell remains intact
Most common
SWEAT, Salivary, Lacrimal
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium
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Multilayered
Protect
Keratinized-epidermis of skin
Nonkeratinized- oral cavity, pharynx, vagina
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Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
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attached to basement membrane
some have cilia
goblet cells
respiratory tract
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Stratified Transitional Epithelium
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Urinary tract
some binucleated cells
stretch/relax (bladder)
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Epithelium
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Cellular, Avascular, have apical and basal surfaces
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Exocrine Glands
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Secrete materials onto a free surface
Unicellular or Multicellular
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Unicellular Exocrine Gland
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One cell
ex: Goblet cell-secretes mucus
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Multicellular Exocrine Glands
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Secrete mucus through a duct
Many cells
Sweat glands, salivary, mammary, ect
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Connective Tissue
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Vascular
Cells, protein fibers, and ground substance
Few nuclei
Binds/supports/connect tissues and organs
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Apocrine Exocrine Gland
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Part of cell pinches off (apart) and becomes the secretion
Cell repairs and functions normally
MAMMARY, Axillary sweat, Pubic sweat
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Holocrine Exocrine Gland
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Cell ruptures, dies, becomes secretion
Cell replaced by Mitosis
SEBBACEOUS(oil) of skin and scalp
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Areolar CT
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Loose CT
Fibroblasts
Vascular
Few protein fibers
Lots of ground substance
Subcutaneous Layer
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Connective Tissue Proper
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Includes Loose CT (Areolar and Adipose) and Dense CT (Regular and Irregular)
Subcutaneous Layer
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Dense Irregular CT
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Fibroblasts
Little GS
Protein Fibers in Clumps
Dermis
Good vascularity (heals quickly)
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Adipose CT
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Loose CT
Nucleus on outside
Adipocytes
Lots of GS
Fat
Subcutaneous Layer
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Dense CT
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Includes Dense Regular and Dense Irregular CT
Little GS
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Dense Regular CT
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Fibroblasts
Little GS
Protein fibers look like lasagna
Poor vascularity (heals slowly)
Tendons/Ligaments
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Cartilage
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Chrondrocytes (mature cells in lacunae)
Avascular - uses diffusion in GS
Usually surrounded by perichondrium
Semisolid GS
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Hyaline Cartilage
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Most common
Joint surfaces, trachea, fetal skeleton
Support, provides smooth surface for joint movement
Semisolid GS
Chondrocytes
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Fibrocartilage |
Discs between vertebra
Visible protein fibers
shock absorber
chondrocytes
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Elastic Cartilage
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Elastic fibers
External Ear
Flexibility and strength
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Bone (Osseous CT)
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Osteocytes in lacunae, osteoblasts, osteoclasts
Vascular
Surrounded by periosteum
Solid GS
Compact or spongy
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Compact Bone CT
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Outter shell of bone
Solid GS
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Spongy Bone CT
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Inner lattice-lightweight
Houses hemopoietic tissue - produces RBCs
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Skeletal Muscle Tissue
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Long cylindrical cells
multinucleated
Nuclei at periphery
Striations
Move skeleton, stabilize joint, produce heat when contracted
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Cardiac Muscle Tissue
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Short, cylindrical cells
Some branching
1-2 centrally located nuclei
Intercalated discs
Move blood through heat using contraction/relaxation
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Smooth Muscle Tissue
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Walls of most hollow organs
Spindle shaped
1 nucleus
Moves material through hollow organs
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Integument
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Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous Layer
Water resistant
Temp regulator
Secretion
Vitamin D synthesis
Sensory reception
Immune Defence
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Epidermis
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Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium Tissue
Most superficial
Avascular
Think-5, Thin-4
Epidermal Ridges on bottom layer
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Dermis
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Dense Irregular CT
Nerve endings, hair follicles, glands
Dermal Papillae lock with epidermal ridges
Bleeding=this layer
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Subcutaneous Layer
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Stores fat and anchors integument to tissue
Areolar and Adipose Tissues
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Keratinocytes |
Most numerous (90%)
In all layers
Produce keratin
27-28 days for new layer of skin to fall off
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Melanocytes |
Stratum Basale
8%
Produce melanin (dark skin=more active)
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Tactile Cells
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Stratum Basale
Few
Touch Sensation
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Epidermal Dendritic Cells
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Stratum Spinosum
Phagocytize bacteria/foreign cells
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Stratum Basale
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Simple columnar or cuboidal keratinocytes on basement membrane
Contains tactile cells and melanocytes
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Stratum Spinosum
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Polygonal shaped keratinocytes-still alive
Epidermal dendritic cells
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Stratum Granulosum
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3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes
keratinocytes undergo keratinization-death
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Stratum Licidum
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Clear 2-3 layers of pale, flattened, anucleated keratinocytes-dead
THICK SKIN ONLY
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Stratum Corneum
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Most superficial
20-30 layers of dead keratinocytes
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Papillary Layer
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Dermis
Dermal Papillae
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Reticular Layer
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Deeper than Papillary layer in Dermis
Contains sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and hair follicles
Dense Irregular CT
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Nails
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Formed from Stratum Corneum
Protection and grip
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Hair
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Continually replaced
Sebaceous gland (holocrine gland)
Arrector Pili Muscle - smooth muscle
Protection, heat retention
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Sebaceous Gland
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Exocrine gland- Holocrine
Secrete sebum (oil)
Lubrication and waterproofing
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Sweat Gland
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Merocrine and Apocrine glands
Excrete sodium and urea
Perspire to cool off
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Osteology
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Study of bones
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Bones |
Organs
Composed of Bone CT and Dense Irregular
Blood vessels and nerves running through
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Functions of Skeletal System
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Framework for body
Muscle attachment
Protection
Movement
Mineral Storage
Hemopoesis- produces RBCs in red bone marrow
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Bone hemopoesis stuff
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Child: red bone marrow in most spongy bone
Adult: red bone marrow restricted to axial skeleton and proximal epiphysis of humerus and femur
Adult: marrow in shafts of long bones turns to yellow bone marrow (flat)
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Long Bone
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Most common
cylindrical bone shaft
femur, phalanges, ulna, metacarpals, tibia, humerus, metatarsals, radius
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Short Bones
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carpals, tarsals, carpals, patella
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Flat Bones
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Relatively thin, broad surface
thin layer of spongy bone in between compact bone
Skull bones, sternum, rib
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Irregular Bones
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Irregular shapes and varied shapes
sphenoid, os coxae, vertebra
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Diaphysis
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Cylindrical shaft of compact bone with medullary cavity
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Medullary Cavity
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Hollow inside of a diaphysis
Lined with endosteum-dense regular CT
in adults-contains yellow bone marrow
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Epiphysis
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Ends of a bone
Outside layer of compact bone surrounding spongy bone
Proximal and distal
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Articular Cartilage
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Hyaline Cartilage on the epiphyses
Reduces friction and helps articulating bones move more easily
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Osteoarthritis |
'old age or repetitive use
articular cartilage wears down-bones rub together=stiffness and pain
cannot regenerate the cartilage
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Epiphyseal Plate
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Hyaline cartilage plate between diaphysis and epiphysis
only in subadult bones
lengthwise bone growth
when done growing it becomes the ____ line
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Epiphyseal Line
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When plate is done growing, it become thin plate of compact bone called ____
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Periosteum |
Dense Irregular CT that covers outside of bone
(Not on articular surfaces)
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Perforating Fibers
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Protein fibers that anchor periosteum to bone
Very Vascular and lots of nerves
Function= bone width growth
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Osteoblasts |
immature bone cells that create bone and secrete osteoid
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Osteocytes |
Mature bone cells that maintain bone matrix
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Osteoclasts |
Breakdown and reabsorb bone
Formed from fused red bone marrow cells
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Osteons |
Make up compact bone
Cylindrical structures that run parallel to bone
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Central Canal
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Opening that contains blood vessels and nerves
Runs parallel to osteon
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Concentric Lamellae
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Rings of bone matrix
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Osteocytes |
Mature bone cells between lamellae
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Lacunae |
Spaces where osteocytes reside
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Canaliculi |
Tiny channels that radiate from lacunae- arm like extensions
Provide exchange for nutrients/wastes/between canal and osteocytes
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Perforating Canals
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Canals that run perpendicular to central, connect central canals and osteons
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Interstitial Lamellae
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Incomplete remnants of osteons
Osteoblasts ate away at them
No central canal
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Circumferential Lamellae
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rings of bone that run the entire circumference of the shaft
Created by the periosteum
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Ossification
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Formation and growth of bone tissue
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Intramembranous Ossification and Endochondral Ossification
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Types of bone growth
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