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SOA 223: TEST 1
Social (belonging)
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Acceptance, be part of a group, identification with a successful team
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Walton and Cohen (2011) on belonging
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* freshmen students on the first day of college saw a video with students saying how they felt like they belonged more at the end of college or that they changed political views
* RESULTS: African Americans in the social-belonging group had better self-assesed health, less doc. visits, greater happiness, and maintained a sig. higher GPA throughout their 4 years than those in the control group
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Social psychological pursuits deal with thoughts, behaviors, or feelings that either
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concern other people
or are influenced by other people
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authors of first text books in social psychology
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1. william Mcdougal (1908) English
2. Edward ross (1908) American
3. Floyd Allport (1924) American
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What is the difference between social psychology sociology?
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Social psych: the scientific study of the way in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people.
Sociology: deals with entire groups of people, not how individuals are effected by groups.
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who had the strongest influence on social psycology
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Hitler
-his rise to power and actions made people ask questions
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scientific method
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-includes systematic observation, description, and measurement
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Darley & Batson Princeton Seminary students
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good samaritan study. those with less pressure for time stopped more to help
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"no research without action, no action without research."
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kurt lewin
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Wall Street Vs. Community Game
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Wall street - people played more competitive
Community Game: people played more cooperatively
-> The name of the game influenced how they acted more so than anything else
> study done by resident assistants at stanford
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Social psychology and related disciplines
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-personality psych: stable personality characteristics (Type A, introvert)
-cognitive psych: mind, memory (how it's affected by people)
-clinical psych: psychological problems and solutions, distinctions
-sociology: normal behavior; anxiety, macro issues (social class)
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Social facilitation
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the tendency for the presence of others to either enhance or impair performance
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social loafing
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happens when members exert less effort when working on team tasks than they would if they worked alone on those same tasks
> ringlemanns experiment 1880's, published in 1913
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society for the psychological study of social issues
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formed in 1936 by gordon allport
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field theory
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B= f (P,E)
>perspective= behavior is a function of both the person and the enviornment
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Muzafer Sherif
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- Examined influences of group members
- Demonstrated that is was possible to study complex social processes in a scientific way
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-1960's and 1970's
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- time of expansion, productivity and entusiasm
-topics:
*self-perception
*helping behavior
*aggression
*attraction
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time of pluralism
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1970's-1990's
-methods
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hot vs cold perspective
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Hot: emotion and motivation are determinants of our thoughs
Cold: use of cognition
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social cognition
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the study of how people perceive, remember, and interpret information about themselves and others
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sources of research
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- own observation and life experience
-reading about research already done
-theory
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hypothesis
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a testable proposition that describes a relationship that may exist between events
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2 types of research
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1. Basic research
2. applied research
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Basic research
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goal is to increase understanding of human behavior
- often by testing hypothesis based on theory
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Applied research
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Goal is to find solutions for practical problems
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conceptual variables
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abstract ideas that form the basis of research hypothesis
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operational definition
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the specific way a variable is measured or manipulated
- validity and reliability are important
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stages of the research process
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-generating a research question or hypothesis
-finding relevant past research and theory
-selecting a research method
-collecting the data
-analyzing the data
-reporting the results
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different designs of research
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-self reports
-observations
-experiments
-archival research
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different types of self reports
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-interviews
-questionnaire
-telephone interviews
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2 general types of samples
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-convienece
-representative
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Convenience Sampling
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selecting people who are convenient to the researcher
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representative sampling
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take a sample to represent an entire population
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-easy
-gives access to ppls beliefs, feelings, and past.
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-easy
-gives access to ppls beliefs, feelings, and past.
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disadvantages of self reports
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-People dont always tell the truth
-may be affected by wording
-memory is prone to error
-correlations do not tell us about conversation
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direct observation
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involves systematic observations about behavior; can be conducted in either a lab setting or in a natural setting
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participant observation
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researcher makes systematic observations of behaviors and plays an active role in the interactions
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advantages of observational studies
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avoid faulty recollections and other self report biases
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disadvantages of observational studies
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a persons knowing you are watching may affect behavior
(reactance effect)
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Reactance effect
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react in opposite way of persuasion
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inter rater reliability
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degree of agreement between trained observers about what occurred
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what is an experiment
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a form of research that can determine cause and effect relationship experiments because:
1.experimenter has control over the conditions
2. participants are randomly assigned to conditions
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Random Assignment
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The use of chance to assign subjects to experimental and control groups.
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random sampling
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a method of selecting participants for a study so that everyone in a population has an equal chance of being in the study
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Independent Variable
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The variable in the experiment that you alter
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dependent variable
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the variables being measured that depends on the independent variable
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subject variable
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characterizes pre-existing differences among participants in the study that are not manipulated
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weakness of experiments
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- many social phenomena cannot be studied experimentally
-experiments face several threat to internal validity
-also face problems with external vailidty
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internal validity
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the degree to which one can be certain that the independent variables caused the effects obtained on the dependent variable
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external validity
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the degree to which the results will generalize to other ppl and situations
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confound
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a factor other than the independent variable that differs between conditions
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experimenter expectancy effects
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when the experimenters expectations about the results influence the participants responses
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Mundane Realism
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The extent to which the research setting resembles the real-world setting of interest.
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experimental realism
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the degree to which experimental procedures are involving to participants and lead them to behave naturally and spontaneously
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archival research
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involves analyzing information or data collected previously by others.
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ethical requirements in conducting research
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research studies must:
-be approved by the university's institutional review board (IRB)
-acquire informed consent from the participants
-avoid physical and psychological harm
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correlation research
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research designed to measure the association between variables that are not manipulated be the researcher
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correlation coefficient
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a statistical measure of the strength and direction of the association between two variables
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Correlation Coefficients range from
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-1.00 to +1.00 and indicate the relationship between two variables.
- the closer to +1.0 the stronger the variables are associated
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disadvantages of correlation
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-correlation does not indicate causation
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advantage of correlation
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-can be used for prediction and for generating hypothesis
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archival research
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analyzing information or data collected previously by others
- valuable for examining cultural and historical change
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self- concept
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overall perception of who you are, based on beliefs, attitudes, and values
- it is the cognitive component of the self
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first step in the development of self concept
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recognizing ones self as a distinct entity
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2 creatures that can recognize their mirror image reflections as their own
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apes and human beings
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self schema
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a belief people hold about themselves that guides the processing of self relevant information
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who introduced the looking glass self and when
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Charles Horton cooley in 1902
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Looking-glass self
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Ourselves as others see us
-(other ppl serve as a mirror in which we see ourselves)
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Introspective |
the act or process of looking intooneself.
- ppl believe that introspection is key to knowing the true self
-research shows it can sometimes diminishes the accuracy of self-reports
- ppl tend to overestimate their emotional reactions to future positive and negative events
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Affective forecasting
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The process of predicting how one would feel in response to future emotional events.
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self-perception theory
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the theory that when internal cues are difficult to interpret, people gain self-insight by observing their own behavior
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who proposed the self-perception theory and when
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Darly Bem (1972)
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facial feedback hypothesis
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facial expressions can produse an emotion state ( smiling can cause us to feel happy)
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who conducted the facial feedback hypothesis and when
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James laird 1974
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Overjustification Effect
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the tendency to place less values on activities we perform for a reward or to get something
(getting over rewarded
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Social comparison theory
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people evaluate their own abilities and opinions by comparing themselves to others
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two factor theory of emotion
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1. physiological arousal
2. a cognitive label for that arousal
-schachter and singer (1962)
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Autobiographical Memories
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Life events, recollection of.
-essential for a coherent self-concept
-typically report more events from the recent than the distant past
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exceptions to the recency rule
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- older adults tend to remember adolescence and young adulthood
-tendency to remember transitional firsts
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conflict of self
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develops between who we are, or how we feel and how safe we feel to be that person
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distortions in memory of high school grade
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most errors were inflation
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individualistic cultures
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strive for personal achievement
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collectivistic cultures
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people derive more satisfaction from the status of the valued group
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Dialectism |
An easter system of thought that accepts the coexistence of contradictory characteristics within a single person
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who has more independent views of self men or women?
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men |
self esteem
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positive or negative evaluation of self
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need for self esteem
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-critical to our entire outlook on life
-positive self-image tend to be happier healthier, and more successful
-negative self-image tend to be more depressed and prone to failure
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Rosenburg Self-Esteem Scale
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Most widely used; designed to asses how happy people are with thier lives and if they consider themselves worthy people
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sociometer hypothesis
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self esteem is a cue of the extent to which we are getting along with others
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terror management theory
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people are motivated by a fear of death and self esteem is a way to conquer that fear
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self discrepancy theory
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self esteem depends on discrepancy between actual and ideal self and
-amount of discrepancy
-importance of the discrepancy to the self
-the extent to which one focuses on one's self discrepencies
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self- awarness
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can make self discrepancies more salient
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private self consciousness
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tendency to introspect about inner thoughts and feelings
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public self consciousness
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tendency to focus on outer public image
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who has higher self esteem men or woman
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men |
which ethnic group has higher self esteem
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african americans
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strategies to enhance self-esteem
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-positive illusions
-implicit egotism
-self-serving beliefs
-basking in reflected glory
-self handicapping
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self verification theory
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strive for stable accurate beliefs about the self
(people with negative views may not want flattering feedback
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disadvantage of high self esteem
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can lead to self defeating behavior and if extreme, is not likable by others
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who argued life is like a theater... we each have a "face" or social identity
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erving goffman 1959
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self presentation
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most people are concerned about and try to control the image they present to others
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2 types of self presentation
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1. strategic self presentation-we try to shape others impressions to gain influence, power, sympathy, or approval
-ingratitation and self promotion
2. Self verification-desire to have others perceive us as we perceive ourselves
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self monitering
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the tendency to regulate behavior to meet the demands of social situalions
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high self monitors
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sensitive to strategic self-presentations
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low self monitors
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more concerned with self verification
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interactionist perspective
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an emphasis on how both an individuals personality and environmental characteristics influence behavior
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