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SOA 106: FINAL
SOA 106: FINAL |
*Transformation in social institutions, political organizations and cultural norms across time
-affects demographics, politics...
-civil rights movement |
Rationalization |
an ever expanding process of ordering or organizing |
Features of Rationalization |
Efficiency: productiveness
Predictability: can anticipate something will happen
Calculability: quantity OVER quality
nonhuman technology and automation, control over uncertainty |
Irrationality of Rationalization |
Rationalization leads to "irrational outcomes"
-unhealthy food->bad health
-shopping for "deals"
large lecture halls (efficient but not effective) |
McDonaldization |
George Ritzer- model of rationalization in fast food industry is the fast food restaurant |
Ideology |
system of concepts and relationships, an understanding of cause and effect
-beliefs by individuals/groups
ex. first class vs coach |
Anomie |
literally means "without norms"
-sense of aimlessness or despair arises when we can no longer reasonably expect life to be predictable; to LITTLE social regulation
-normlessness, without norms
-Durkheim |
cultural diffusion |
example: when ethnic restaurants are in our country and american restaurants are in other countries |
New Rulers of the World |
-new global economy
-division between rich and poor is bigger then ever
-IMF, WTO, world bank
-Indonesia |
Globalization from... |
Above: corporations making rules that only benefit themselves
Below: people, we need to have a say in it |
WTO |
regulates authority for trade
-want to get rid of free trade/regulations
-protest in Seattle against WTO |
IMF |
trade, exchange rates, balance payments
-same as WTO get ride of free trade... |
World Trade |
aim is to reduce poverty around the world by lending money, however rich just get richer |
Globalization |
the way countries and people interact |
Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) |
IMF, WTO, World Bank
-must change other countries economic structure in order to look like ours, and then we will give them
money
-IMF want developing countries to be neo-liberalists
privatization and free markets |
Neo-Liberalism |
different social and economic ideas, people who are critical of globalization and trade unions |
Effects of Globalization |
-Increased Global Poverty-20% of world lives in extreme poverty, global unemployment almost at 1 billion, 80 countries lower income levels then a decade ago
-Democracy-of 100 largest economies, 51 are corporations. combined sales of worlds 500 largest multi national corporations accounted for half the value of goods and services produced by the entire world. free trade agreement and global financial institutions (WTO, IMF..) superseded national sovereignty
-Enviornment-deforestation and 99cent burgers, unknown health risks of genetically modified food, water contamination, pollution and global warming |
Tenets of Neo-Liberalism |
1. Free Markets
2. Deregulation
3. Privatization
4. Reduction of social benefits |
Secret power of social movements |
-withholding consent
-"we will no longer abide by the rules"
-defy challenge
-threat to the status quo |
Lilliput strategy |
Gullivers Travels
-takes a lot of people;strength in numbers |
Goals of social movements |
1. redistribute material resources more fairly (labor movements, global justice movements)
2. gain full citizienship (civil rights, women's rights and gay movements)
3. redefine societies values, norms and priorities (environmental, anti-war) |
characteristics of social movements |
1.operate outside institutional system
2.arise fue to groups exclusion from "normal" institutional politics
3. resisted by those in positions of power and privilege |
Source of social movement power |
how do powerless people exercise power?
BY WITHOLDING THEIR CONSENT
-refusing to participate in everyday life, denying others their labor, effective when done collectively |
This is What Democracy Looks Like |
protest in Seattle against WTO, private property interests trump civil rights |
Elite Response to social movements |
1. Repression-using violent and non violent means (arrests, intimidation, military force...)
2. Co-optations of issues or leaders by adopting movements issues or recruiting its leaders |
Sociology as... |
Humanizing-fosters appreciation for diversity and broadens personal views
Liberating-helps overcome bad faith and empowers people to recognize role in making history |
Sociological Imagination as dangerous |
seeks to challenge and take for granted the world |
Bad Faith |
belief that you don't have a choice when you do (Peter Berger) |
Collective Action |
action that takes place in groups and diverges from the social norms of the situation |
Convergence Theory (collective action) |
collective action happens when people with similar ideas and tendencies gather in the same place (riots at sporting events) |
Contagion theory (collective action) |
collective action that arises because peoples tendencies to conform to others with whom they are in close contact.
behaviors of others in the group is contagious |
Emergent Norm Theory (collective action) |
influence of keynoters (person not necessarily in charge) in promoting certain norms. keynoters actions are followed or imitated |
Social Movements |
collective behavior that is purposeful, organized and institutionalized but not ritualized. motivated by social or political aim |
Revolutionary Social Movements |
advocated radical reorganization of society. Belief: only revolutionary means, nonpolitical parties or process could bring about change |
Classical Model |
social movements based on a concept of structural weakness in society that results in the psychological disruption of individuals |
Sociology as "Conservative" |
-order is the primary imperative of social life
forces of order always stronger then those of disorder |
Identity and Collective Action |
every individual has multiple group identities, allowing us to meet new people |
resource mobilization theory |
in social movements emphasizes political context and goals but also states that social movements are unlikely to emerge without necessary resources
key factors discontent and resources in order to coalesce (come together) |
Political Process Theory |
in social movements focuses on structure of political opportunities. When these are favorable to a particular challenger, the chances are better for the success of a social movement led by this challenger
*most useful theory* |
Emergence |
first stage of social movements. when social problem is identified |
coalescence |
second stage of social movements. action is taken |
routinization (institutionalization) |
formal structure develops to promote the cause |
Social movements organization (SMOs) |
-group developed to recruit new members and coordinate participation in a particular social movements ALSO raise money, structure participation in the movement |
Mass Protest Organization |
advocates for social change through protests and demonstration |
Grassroots Organization |
relies on high level of community-based membership participation to promote social change |
pre modernity |
social relations characterized by concentric circles of social affiliation, a low degree of division of labor, relatively undeveloped technology and traditional norms. |
modernity |
social relations characterized by rationality, bureaucratization and objectivity-as well as individually created by non concentric, but overlapping group affiliations |
postmodernity |
social relations characterized by a questioning of the notion of progress and history, the replacement of narrative with pastiche (blend), and multiple, possibly conflicting, indentures resulting from disjointed affiliations |
causes of social change |
1.technolog and innovation
2. new ideas and identities
3. conflict |