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PSY 233: EXAM 2
Gestalt Psychology
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We should not divide an experiment by it's parts, we should look at the whole phenomenon
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Perceptual Processess
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-we depend much on vision
-we naturally sort things
-a figure needs a background
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How did Allport view psychology?
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-the importance of the individual
-we can think rationally about an event
-in tune with Gestalt psychology
-focus on conscious
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Cattel and Eysenck equated factors with what?
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traits
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Cattel's three types of data
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L-Data
Q-Data
T-Data
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L Data
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information about a person's everyday activities
- L = Life
ex) how many clubs you belong to
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Q Data
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self ratings on questionnaires that measures attitudes, opinions and interests
- Q = question
ex) Likert scale survey
PROLEM! people sometimes lie on surveys
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T Data
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Using things you can't control so it is harder for you to lie
- T = test
ex) measuring heart rate
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Factor Analysis
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the idea of correlation
-many variables at once
-group this variables into similar groups
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Surface Traits
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don't explain anything about personality, they are just observations that go together
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Source Traits
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Traits that cause behavior, they tell about personality
- can only be detected through factor analysis
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Constitutional Mold Traits
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genetically determinded
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Environmental Mold Traits
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What you have learned through your environment
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Ability Traits
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How well you deal with a given situation/how well you solve problems
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Fluid Intelligence
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General intelligence
-65% genetically determined
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CrystallizationIntelligence
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How we apply what we have learned
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Temperament Traits
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how a person behaves in a given situation
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Dynamic Traits |
why a person does something, what guides our behavior
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Erg
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goals created because of sex, hunger, curiosity, anger
-things we do not have to learn to like
ex) we do not have to learn to like sex
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Metaerg
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things we do have to learn to like
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Metaerg (sentiments)
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preferences and dispositions centered on classes of objects
ex) you might choose you want to go out for chinese food when your friends ask you where you want to eat because it is what you prefer
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Metaerg (attitudes)
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having a very specific interest toward specific objects
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Allport's definition of psychology |
personality initiates and guides behavior and it's not exclusively biological or psychological
-the brain tries to organize the changes to us so you remain the same person although you have experienced change
ex) going to college is a big change but you are still the same person
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Character
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implies the evaluation of a person
ex) this person has a good character
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Temperament
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-the emotional component of personality (mood)
-tendency to become physiologically aroused in response to environmental stimuli
- related to activity level
ex) a morning person will do many activities before a non morning person even wakes up
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types of traits Allport identified:
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-common traits
-personal dispositions
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Common Traits
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traits that describe a group of people
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Personal Dispositions
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individual traits that are unique to a person
ex) finger prints
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Interactionist Perspective
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- a complex interplay with personal variables and situational variables
-traits are not to be viewed as fixed outcomes but as ranges of possible behavior
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Cardinal |
a ruling passion that dominates an individual's whole life
-rare
-everything they do resembles this
ex) everything Mother Theresa did was to help people
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Central
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- outstanding or essential characteristics of an individual
- very common
-ex) recommendation letters
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Secondary
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applied to more specific range of behaviors than the other traits
-preferences
-leas influential, only in certain situations
ex) choosing where to eat
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Proprium |
all aspects that make one unique
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Bodily Me
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-year 1
- I am separate from the environment
ex) I won't bite my toe - self awareness
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Self Identity
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-year 2
-language development
-I am separate from other individuals
ex) I am John
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Self esteem
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- year 3
- pride
- I can manipulate and master my environment
ex) I can turn on the TV
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Self extension
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year 4
- possessions
- I can exist beyond my physical self
ex) this is my bike
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Self image
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- year 4-6
- how others view me
- I see myself as being like this
ex) I am good at naming colors
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Self as a rotational coper
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- year 6-12
- problem solving
- I can solve problems by using my brain
ex) I can think logically
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Propriate striving
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- adolescence
- synthesis
- knowing who you are
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6 attributes for a healthy mature adult
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1) capacity for participation in life
2) capacity for warm human interactions (intimacy, compassion tolerance)
3) emotional security and self acceptance (avoid over-reaction frustration have positive self image)
4) realistic perceptions (problem-centered)
5) insight about ones assets and liabilities
6) a purpose in life
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Ego psychology
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personality development is through social interaction
- ego is acting independently from the ID
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Biopsychosocial theory of development
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the sequence of stages are genetically determined ahead of time
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Epigenetic principle
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the sequence of the 8 stages is genetically determined and is unalterable
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Immature crisis phase
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not the focal point of personality development
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Critical crisis phase
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the focal point of personality development
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Resolution crisis phase
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how it turns out for the future (positive or negative)
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Ritualization |
behavior patterns by one's culture
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Ritualism |
when a ritualization has been falsified/stereotyped causing social and psychological pathology
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Difference between Freud and Erikson
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Freud viewed the ego as a sense that it operates in the service of the Id, not independently
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Erikson
Stage 1
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Trust vs Mistrust
- virtue: hope
- age: 0-1.5
- "the enduring belief in the attainability of fervent wishes, spite of the dark urges and rages which mark the beginning of existence"
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Erikson
Stage 2
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Autonomy vs. Shame
- virtue: will
- age: 1.5 - 3
- "the unbroken determination to exercise free choice as well as self-restraint, in spite of the unavoidable experience of shame doubt in infancy"
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Erikson
Stage 3
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Initiative vs. Guilt
- virtue: purpose
- age 3-5
- "the courage to envisage and pursue valued goals uninhibited by the defeat of infantile fantasies, by guilt and by the foiling fear of punishment"
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Erikson
Stage 4
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Industry vs. Inferiority
- virtue: competency
- age: 5-12
- "the free exercise of dexterity and intelligence in the completion of tasks, unimpaired by the infantile inferiority"
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Erikson
Stage 5
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Ego identity vs Role confusion
- virtue: fidelity
- age: 12-18
- "the ability to sustain loyalties freely pledged in spite of the inevitable contradictions of value systems"
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Erikson
Stage 6
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Intimacy vs. Isolation
- virtue: love
- age: 18-40
- "the mutuality of devotion forever subduing the antagonisms inherent in divided function"
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Erikson
Stage 7
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Generativity vs. Stagnation
- virtue: care
- age: 40-65
- "the widening concern for what has been generated by love, necessity, or accident; it overcomes the ambivalence adhering to irreversible obligation"
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Erikson
Stage 8
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Ego integrity vs. Despair
- virtue: wisdom
- age: 65-?
- "detached concern with life itself, in face of death itself"
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Psychohistory
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the study of the links between psychological development and a person's historical circumstances
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Anatomy and destiny
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-Freud thought many important personality traits were determined by one's gender
-Erikson believed the same but thought that one's personality
-although Erikson believed mean and women have different personality characteristics, he did not consider one set of characteristics better than the other
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Criticisms of Erikson
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-difficult to test empirically
-overly optimistic, unrealistic
-suport of status quo
-minorities may not develop a negative identity but may flourish and develop unique, adaptive skills
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contributions of Erikson
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-expansion of psychology's domain
-considerable applied value
-development of ego psychology
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Must conscience
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when a child or adults unhealthy behavior is guided by the furls and values of authority figures
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Ought conscience
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when and individuals behavior is guided by personal strivings and choices
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Extrinsic religion
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used by immature people for self-serving motives like security, comfort, status, or social support
- seen as unhealthy
ex) used of church for wrong reasons
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Intrinsic religion
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strives for unity, harmony with others
- healthy and mature individuals
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Prejudice
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a feeling favorable or unfavorable toward a person or thing prior to actual experience
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Factors related to prejudice
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- tendency to generalize from experience
- form in groups
- tendency to seek a scapegoat to aggress to
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Idiography approach
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- in depth study of an individual
- Allport analyzed personal documents such as interviews, diaries, or letters from Jenny during and 11 year period to obtain central disposition
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Nomothetic approach
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- the study of groups to obtain universal principles that apply to all persons
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Criticisms of Allport
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- lack of scientific rigor
- circularity (identify attitudes in terms of expressions and using these expressions as examples of attitudes)
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Contributions of Allport
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- original concepts of methodologies
- refreshing view of personality
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What are Eysenck's approach to research?
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Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning
- begin with existing theory (top-down)
Derive hypotheses from theory
- collect data to determine whether or not hypotheses are supported
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What does Eysenck's theory emphasize?
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Temperament (constitutional source traits)
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What does Eysenck's theory of emphasize exclude?
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Intelligence, cognitive ability, or other so-called ability traits
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Eysenck's analysis of traits
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-focus on temperament only
-focus on constitutional source trait
-biological in origin
-permanent
-influence secondary behavioral patterns that are learned
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Hipocrates humors
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-earth=phlegm
-air=blood
-fire=yellow bile
-water=black bile
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Galen's personality temperaments
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Paired bodily humors with temperaments:
1. Blood - sanguine temperament (cheerful, active, happy)
2. Phlegm - phlegmatic temperament (apathetic, sluggish, cowardly)
3. Black bile - melancholy temperament (sad, brooding)
4. Yellow bile - choleric temperament (irritable, violent)
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What is dysthymic according to Eysenck?
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-neurotic introverts
-they are not thoughtful people
-however they are sociable, impulsive, lively and playful
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What is hysteric according to Eysenck?
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-disordered neurotic extroverts
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Eysenck's superfactors
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-extroversion
-neuroticism
-psychotocism
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Extroversion
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sociable, lively, active, assertive, and sensation-seeking
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Neuroticism
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anxious, depression, tense, and low self-esteem
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Psychotocism
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aggressive, impulsive, cold and egocentric
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What are the biological bases of personality?
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-Acenending Reticular Activating System (ARAS) = the introverts brain is characters by higher levels of neural activity
-Viceral Brain (limbic system) = regulates emotional expression and controls autonomic responses
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The BIG 5
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-Openness and experience
-Conscientiousness
-Extraversion
-Agreeableness
-Neuroticism
(OCEAN)
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Criticisms of Cattel and Eysenck
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excessive focus on groups and averages
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contributions of Cattell and Eysenck
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-emphasis on validating data
-applied value
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Karen Horney's two basic childhood needs
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safety and satisfaction
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Basic evil
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the behavior from parents that weakens a child's feeling of security
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Basic hostility
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feeling of anger by the child towards the parents that they repress
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Basic anxiety
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-a child's fear of being alone, helpless and insecure
-the feeling that everything and everyone in the world is potentially dangerous
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Need for affection and approval
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person lives to be loved and admired by others
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Need for a partner who will run one's life
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depending on other to thane care of you
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Need to live one's life within narrow limits
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-follows a specific path
-will put others needs before their own
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Need for power
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desire to influence others
- a need to make an impact on others
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Need to exploit others
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dreads being taken advantage of by others, but thinks nothing of taking advantage of them
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Need for social recognition and prestige
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person lives to be recognized
-try to attract attention to themselves
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Need for personal admiration
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wants to be admired and reminded of their importance by everyone
-fear of being throughout of as a nobody
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Need for ambition and personal achievement
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person has an interest of becoming famous, rich or important in all spheres of life
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Need for Self-Sufficiency and Independence
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- estranged from others
- afraid of expressing emotional feelings toward other people
- fearing that might find negative things about them
- avoid long-term relationship
- keep distance of others to hold on to illusion of personal superiority
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Need for perfection and unassailability
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person attempts to be flawless
-hypersensitive to criticism
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Real Self
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to move toward self-realization
- the way you really are when nobody is around to approve/disapprove
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Ideal Self
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neurotic abandons real self for the sake of an illusionary glorified self
- the person you would most likely want to be/strive to become
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Tyranny of the should
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a set of demands on self that are altogether too difficult and rigid
- too perfect and impossible
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Moving toward
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-self effacement
-need for affection and approval
-need for a partner who will run one's life
-become a martyr so people take care of you
-compliant type
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Moving against
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-expansion
-push people away
-need for power
-need to expo it others
-dominant
-"if I have power no one can hurt me"
-hostile type
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Moving away
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-resignation
-need for self-sufficiency and independence
-need for perfection
-detached type
-"if I do it myself, no one can hurt me"
-hermit
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Externalization
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process of elimination
-related to Freud's projection
-more comprehensive
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compartmentalization
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having different selfs and different values for each self
- situational rules and ethics
ex) Sopranos, great dad, kills people
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Rationalization
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a logical explanation for something out of our ideal self ignoring factors not in accordance to one's idealized self
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Excessive self control
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never any emotions, always has them under control
-controlling expressions of emotions
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Arbitrary rightness
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-life is full of gray
-their solution is always right
-they pick a side so there is no other option
-rigid dogmatism (resistance to change)
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Elusiveness
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postpone making decisions
-no commitment, indecision
-keeps changing major to keep from making a decision
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Cynicism
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belief system has been shattered, doesn't keep with any beliefs
-failure to believe in anything
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Characteristics of self-analysis
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1) free association
2) overcome resistances
3) courage to change
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Goals of therapy
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- responsibility
- inner independence
- spontaneity of feelings
- wholeheartedness
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Foundations of feminine psychology
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-anatomy is not destiny
-men have womb envy
-feminism
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Criticisms of Horney
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-unoriginal (borrowed from Jung, Freud, Adler)
-little empirical support (no research)
-disregard of healthy persons
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Contributions of Horney
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-original ideas
-self-analysis
-feminine psychology
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