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PSY 231: EXAM 2
behavioral measure
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indirectly observable behavior like speed or accuracy in an experiment
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between-subjects
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Each participant experiences only one level of the independent variable
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design |
how you operationalize your experiment after you've got a theory and made predictions
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bias |
When the experimenters ideas has an effect on the results of an experience
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biased sample
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convient or quota sampling where the participants are not randomized
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carry-over effects
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when what participants experience in one treatment affects their experience in the next treatment
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ceiling effect
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when the dependent variable reaches a score that cannot be exceeded (ex: everyone is getting a 100)
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Citation |
A quotation or reference from a source.
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confounding variable
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an extraneous variable present in a study that may affect the results
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construct validity
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indicates that a survey measures what it is designed to measure
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construct |
the test/object used in measuring an experiment
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Contrast Effect
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the relative difference in intensity between 2 stimuli and their effect on each other.
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control group
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a group in an experiment assigned to minimize variability and to reduce the potential of confounds
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convergent validity
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type of criterion oriented validity that shows how this contrast is similar to others
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counterbalancing
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Presenting each group of participants to a different order of independent variable in order to get rid of confounding variables
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Criterion Validity
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Test is predictive of future performance or outcome
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debriefing |
discussing the purpose and the benefits of a research study with subjects, often done at the end of a study
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demand characteristics
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a source of bias that can occur in a study due to participants changing their behavior based on their perception of the study and its purpose
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dependent variable
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the variable in a study that is being measured
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divergent validity
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type of criterion oriented validity that shows how this contrast is dissimilar to others
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discussion section
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section of an APA style article that compares the results of a study to the predictions and the results of previous studies
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double-blind
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both the experimenter and the participants do not know which group is the experimental group and which is the control group
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expectancy effects
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another name for experimenter's bias, when experimenters intentionally or unintentionally treat one group differently based on their hypothesis
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experimental method
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a type of design that involves manipulation of an independent variable, allowing control of extraneous variables that could affect the results
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extraneous variable
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control variables (holding them constant) and random variables (things that differ between each person, but the randomization is what makes this not an issue)
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face validity
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on the surface, the study or scale seems to be valid
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factor |
one of the variables in a factorial design
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factorial design
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an experiment or quasi-experiment that includes more than one independent variable
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fatigue effect
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performance in an experiment deteriorates as participants get bored, tired, or distracted
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Figure captions
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include a title in the form of a number and brief description of what information is plotted.
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floor effect
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a value at which a response cannot be made
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history effect
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events that happen to all participants or some participants during a study that cold result in a bias
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independent variable
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the variable in an experiment that is manipulated
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Individual Differences
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The stable, consistant ways in which people are different from each other.
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instrumental bias
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the machinery doesn't work (questionnaire just doesn't quite get to what should be measured)
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interaction effect
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tests the effect of one independent variable at each level of another independent variable in ANOVA
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internal consistency reliability
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a form of reliability that tests relationships between scores of different items on a survey
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internal validity
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the degree to which a study provides causal information about behavior
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interrater reliability
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the degree of agreement among raters. It gives a score of how much homogeneity, or consensus, there is in the ratings given by judges.
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interval scale
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a scale of data measurement that involves numerical responses that are equally spaced but scores are not ratios of each other
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latin square
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partial counterbalancing technique where the number of orders of conditions used is equal to number of conditions in the study
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main effect
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test of differences between all means for each level of an independent variable in ANOVA
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Manipulation Check
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Additional measure to assess whether (and/or to what extent) the manipulation actually manipulated.
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matched pairs random assignment
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ensure that independent groups are equivalent on some characteristic. ex) education,
then they are randomly selected to be put in experimental/control group. then are matched with someone similar to them, elevating confounds.
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maturation
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As a threat to internal validity, the possibility that any naturally occuring change within the individual is responsible for the results
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measurement error
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difference between the actual attribute and the measured attribute
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mixed factorial design
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treat some factors as within-subject, and some as between subject
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nominal scale
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a scale of data measurement that involves non ordered categorical responses
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nonequivalent control group design
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groups compared in a study that are not randomly assigned
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One-group Pre-Test Post-Test design
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Single pre-test measure of one group, and after the treatment a single post-test measure.
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Operational definition
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definition of an abstract concept used by a researcher to measure or manipulate the concept in a research study
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order effect
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occur when the order in which the participants experience conditions in an experiment affects the result of the study
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Ordinal Scale
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The scale of measurement for a variable if the data exhibit the properties of nominal data and the order or rank of the data is meaningful.
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pilot study
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a small study to test a new intervention before testing with larger samples
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placebo |
An inactive substance or preparation used as a control in an experiment or test to determine the effectiveness of a medicinal drug
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Physiological measure
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recording biological data
-Brain activity
- Hormone levels
-Heart rate
MOST ACCURATE
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post-test only design
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experimental design where participants are only measured after but not before
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population
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entire group of people you are trying to learn about
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practice effect
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when the DV is affected by the participants remembering things from previous tests
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Predictive Validity
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Whether the test predicts criteria external to the test.
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pre-test/post-test design
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behavior assesed before and after event
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Random sampling
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Concerned with how research participants are selected for a study (including experiments) in the first place and making sure that they represent the population from which they are drawn.
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random assignment
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participants are randomly assigned to levels of the independent variable in an experiment to control for individual differences as an extraneous variable
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ratio scale
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a scale of data measurement that involves numerical responses, where scores are ratios to each other
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reactivity
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a threat to internal validity in which experiments react a certain way based on what they think should happen
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reliability |
the degree to which the results of a study can be replicated under similar conditions
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Repeated measures design (Repeated Measures)
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participants experience both levels of an independent variable.
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Representativeness:
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Stereotype bias in which prior probabilities are ignored
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Representative sample
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Accurately reflects the individuals, behaviors, and scores found in a population
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selection bias
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whenever researchers select their sample in a way that tends to make it unrepresentative of the population
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a self report measure
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A measure on which participants provide information about themselves, on a questionnaire or in an interview, for example
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staged manipulation
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When events are staged as part of a manipulation for an experiment
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statistical regression
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this can occur when participants score higher or lower than their personal average
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straightforward manipulation
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writen materials, verbal instructions, or others are presented to the subjects
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testing effects
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occur when participants are tested more than once in a study with early testing affecting later testing
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test-retest reliability
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indicated that the scores on a survey will be similar when participants complete the survey more than once
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treatment condition
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a situation or environment characterized by one specific value of the manipulated variable. an experiment contains two or more treatment conditions that differ according to the values of the manipulated variable.
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true score
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actual value of a test of a given person
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validity
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indicates that a survey measures what it is supposed to measure
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Within-Subjects Design
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same groups of participants are exposed to all conditions.
AKA (repeated measure design)
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