PSY 223: CHAPTER 5
56 Cards in this Set
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social cognition
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a movement in psychology that began in the 1970s that focused on thoughts about people and about social relationships
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cognitive miser
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reluctance to do extra thinking
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stroop test
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a standard measure of effortful control over responses, requiring participants to identify the color of a world
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stroop effect
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the finding that people have difficulty overriding the automatic tendency to read the word rather than name the ink color
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knowledge structures
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organized packets of information that are stored in memory
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schemas
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knowledge structures that represent information about a concept, its attitudes, and its relationships to other concepts
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scripts
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knowledge structures that define situations and guide behavior
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priming
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activating an idea in someones mind so that related ideas are more accessible
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framing
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whether messages stress potential gains or potential losses
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gained framed appeal
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focuses on how doing something will add to your health
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loss framed appeal
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focuses on how not doing something will subtract from your health
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Organized beliefs we have about stimuli in our social world are known as
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schemas
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what topic do people spend the greatest amount of time thinking about?
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people
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Which of the following is not one of the elements that distinguishes automatic from deliberate processes
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relevance
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during the first year of medical school, many medical students begin to think that they and other people they know are suffering from serious illness. This phenomenon is known as the medical student syndrome is probably due to
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priming
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Counterregulation
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The "what the heck" effect that occurs when people indulge in behavior they are tryin gto regulate after an initial regulation failure. (eating lots of ice cream after having one bite)
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attributions
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the causal explanations people give their own and others behaviors and for events in general
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self serving bias
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the tendency to take credit for success but deny blame for failure
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Actor-observer bias
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a tendency to attribute one's own action to external causes, while attributing other people's behaviors to internal causes.
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Fundamental attribution error
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tendency to attribute other's actions dispositional factors and our action to situational factors
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heuristics
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mental shortcuts that provide quick estimates about the likelihood of uncertain events
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Representativeness Heuristic
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Tendency to judge the probability of an event by its similarity to a prototype
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Availability Heuristic
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- mental shortcut
- look for most recent similar example of a situation to give lessons on a current situation, regardless of whether the situations are actually exactly the same
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Simulation Heuristic
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Estimating the likelihood of a given outcome based on how easy it is to imagine that outcome.
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anchoring and adjustment
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the tendency to judge the frequency or likelihood of an event by using a starting point and making adjustments up or down
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The current view of attributions assumes that people try to explain the behavior of others they start focusing on ______ Actions
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intended vs. unintended
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Which of the following standard views of heuristic thinking mat be incorrect based on the current evidence?
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flawed
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According to standard view, people think in order to find ____.
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the truth
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According to the current view, people think in order to find ___.
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an answer that will be persuasive to others
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confirmation bias
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the tendency and search for information that confirms one's beliefs and to ignore information that disconfirms one's belief
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illusory correlation
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tendency over estimate the link between variables that are related only slightly or not at all
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One-Shot Illusory Correlation
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An illusory correlation that occurs after exposure to only one unusual behavior performed by only one unusual behavior performed by only one member of an unfamiliar group
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Base rate fallacy
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tendency to ignore or underuse base rate information and instead to be influence by the distinctive features of the case being judged
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Hot Hand
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The tendency for gamblers who get lucky to think they have a "hot" hand and their luck will continue
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gamblers fallacy
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believe that particular chance event is affected by previous events and that chance events will "even out" in the short run
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false consensus effect
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overestimate the number of people who share one's opinions attitudes, values and beliefs
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false uniqueness effect
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underestimate the number of other people who share one's most prized characteristics and abilities
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theory perseverance
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proposes that once the mind draws a conclusion to stick with that conclusion unless there is a overwhelming evidence to change it
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polarization
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the pattern of shifting toward more extreme opinions
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Statistical Regression
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Behavior that goes from an extreme high or
low point to an average level
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illusion of control
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the false belief that one can influence certain events especially random or chance ones
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CounterfactualThinking
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Tendency to imagine other outcomes in a situation than the ones that actually occured
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first instinct fallacy
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the false belief belief that it is better not to change one's first answer on a test even if one starts to think that a different answer is correct
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upward counterfactuals
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imagining alternatives that are better than actuality
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downward counterfactuals
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imaging alternatives that are worse that actuality
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regret
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involves feeling sorry for one's misfortune, limitations, losses, transgressions, shortcomings or mistakes
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Gamblers who throw dice softly to get low numbers and who throw harder to get high numbers are demonstrating ____ .
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the illusion of control
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Which sequence of six coin flips is least likely to occur?
TTTTTT
TTTTTH
THHTTH
All of the above are equally likely to occur
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All of the above are equally likely to occur
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If you scored 99 out of 100 on your first psychology exam, you are likely to score lower on the second exam, even if you are equally knowledgable about the material on both exams. This is an example of ____.
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regression to the mean
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Gustov gets in an accident in which his new car is totaled, but he received only minor injuries. Gustov thinks to himself, "At least I'm still alive. I could have died." This type of thinking illustrates which of the following concepts?
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Downward counterfactual
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Debiasing
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reducing people's tendency to rely on suboptimal decision processes or inappropriate information
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meta-cognition
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reflecting on one's own thought processes
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What system is mainly responsible for the cognitive errors that people make?
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Automatic system
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people make fewer cognitive errors when they are making decisions about ___
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very serious matters (eg survival and reproduction)
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Which type of graduate training that teaches statistical reasoning is most effective in reducing cognitive errors?
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psychology
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The analysis of cognition is called
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meta-cognition
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PSY 223: EXAM 2