98 Cards in this Set
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Friendships: Emotional basis (affective)
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- self disclosure, appreciation, support, trust
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Friendships: Communal (shared)
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- activities of mutual interest
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Compatibility (sociability)
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- fun and recreation
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Men and Women friendships
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Men- shared activities or interests
Women- emotional sharing
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3 Components of Love
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1. Passion: physical and psychological arousal component; sexual attraction
2. Intimacy: emotional component; can share all thoughts and feelings with another
3. Commitment: cognitive component; willingness to stay with a person through good and bad times
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Assortative mating
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- People find partners based on similarity
- Religion, physical traits, age, socioeconomic status, intelligence, politics, personality
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Singlehood
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- Distinguish temporarily single (looking for suitable partner) from choice to remain single
- for most, transition to singlehood is gradual
- Enjoy freedom and flexibility
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Cohabition
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Unmarried couples living together
- Increasingly common among couples with commited, intimate relationships
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Gay and Lesbian Couples
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- Familial and societal issues
- Support from family and friends may vary
- May lack legal recognition (adoption)
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Characteristics of Married Couples
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- Most adults want love relationships to result in marriage
- Median age of first marriage increasing in the U.S.
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Homogamy
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- similarity of values and interests
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Equity
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- Feeling relationship is equal
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Exchange Theory
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- Both partners perceive fair exchange
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Marital Satisfaction Change
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- Marital satisfaction is highest at beginning of the marriage, falls until the children begin leaving home, and rises again in later life
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Children and Benefits of Children
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- One of the biggest life decisions is whether (and when) to have children
- 70% of married couples in the U.S. have children
Benefits
- Personal satisfaction
- Fulfilling personal needs
- Continuing family line
- Companionship
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Costs of Children
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- about $13,000 a year; housing, childcare, education, food, leisure, etc.
- Lifestyle changes
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Nuclear Family
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- Most common form of family in Western societies, consisting only of parents and children
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Extended Family
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- Most common form of family around the world; one in which grandparents and other relatives live with parents and children
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Divorce and Remarriage
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- Divorced people find the transition difficult
- Divorce hangover reflects divorced partners' inability to let go, develop new friendships, or reorient themselves as single parents
- Adapting to new relationships in remarriage is stressful
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Work
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- Earn a living= main purpose
- Our identity is defined by our occupation
- Meaning, prestige, personal growth
- Giving to others
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Five stages of occupational development
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Implementation- learn firsthand about work (late teens)
2. Establishment- select specific occupation (young adulthood)
3. Maintenance- transition during which adults decrease time for work roles (middle adulthood)
4. Deceleration- plan for retirement
5. Retirement- retirement
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Job Satisfaction
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Generally increases with age
- Self-selection
- Focus on other aspects of life
- Changing responsibilities at work and at home
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Reality Shock
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Reality Shock
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Mentor
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- part teacher, part sponsor, part model, and part counselor who facilities on-the-job learning to help the new hire do the work required in his or her present role and to prepare for future roles
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4 phases of mentor relationships
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1. Initiation- mentors and proteges being the relationship
2. Cultivation- mentors work with proteges
3. Separation- proteges and mentors spend less time together
4. Redefinition- the mentor-protege relationship either ends
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Alienation
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- a feeling that results in workers when their work seems meaningless and their efforts devalued or when they see no connection between their own work and the final product
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Burnout
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- depletion of energy and motivation due to pace and pressure of job
- Most common in helping professions
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Discrimination in the work place
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- Gender and ethnicity influence occupation selection and advancement
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Glass Ceiling
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- Level beyond which women and minorities may not rise (you can see it, but you can feel it when you hit it)
- Fewer women and minorities in executive positions
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Sexual Harassment
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- A situation in which there is a power differential between two people, most often involving men with more power over women
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Career Plateauing
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- when promotional advancement is either not possible or not desired by the worker
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Work and Family
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- Balancing work with other obligations is difficult regardless of lifestyle
- However, also positive spillover effects if believe not only can you manage but benefit from working and child rearing
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Leisure
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- Discretionary activity that includes relaxation, activities for enjoyment, and creative pursuits
- Involvement in leisure is related to our well- being
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Changes during Middle Adulthood
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Physical Changes- Senescence: decline caused by aging
Changes in Appearance- Wrinkles and age spots, gray hair, Baldness, weight gain
Joint Stiffness- Joints become tight from different positions/activities
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Osteoporosis
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- disease marked by sever bone mass; leads to fractures and stooped appearance
- can be prevented by supplying your body with enough calcium and vitamin D
-Exercise also builds bone muscle
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Climacteric
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for women
- loss of ability to bear children through natural means
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Menopause
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- menstruation becomes irregular and stops
- Dramatic drop in estrogen
- Symptoms: hot flashes, night sweats, vaginal dryness, difficulty sleeping, headaches, rapid heartbeat, stiffness in joints
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Hormone Replacement Therapy Benefits
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- Relieves hot flashes/ night sweats
- Relieves vaginal dryness
- Reduces risk of bone fractures
- Improves cholesterol levels
- Reduces risk of colon cancer
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Hormone Replacement Therapy Risks
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- Increases risk of stroke
- Increases risk of serious blood clots
- Increases risk in heart attack
- Increases risk of breast cancer
- Increases risk of dementia, when begun by women age 65 and older
- Unpleasant side effects such as bloating etc.
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Mens physical changes in adulthood
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- Maintain ability to have children, although fertility declines with age
- Prostate problems, including cancer which becomes increasingly common
- Some experience decline in teestosterone
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Stress
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- Stress is most apparent during middle age because of the number of pressures that middle aged people feel: children in college, jobs, bills, marriage, health issues etc.
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Cognitive Development during Middle Adulthood
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- Middle age is a relatively quiet period
- Developing high levels of skills; Expertise, flexibility, practical problem solving experience
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Seattle Project
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- 1959: 22 to 70 yr olds were given a variety of cognitive measures
- Data shows steep declines beginning in the late 40s and early 50s and continuing through old age
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Five factors in Costa and McCrea's theory of personality
1. Neuroticism
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- people high on this dimension tend to be anxious, hostile, self-concious, depressed, impulsive, and vulnerable
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Five factors in Costa and McCrea's theory of personality
2. Extraversion
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- people high on this dimension thrive on social interaction, readily express their opinions and feelings, like to keep busy, and prefer stimulating and challenging environments
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Five factors in Costa and McCrea's theory of personality
3. Openess to experience
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- people high on this dimension tend to have a vivid imagination and dream life, appreciation of art, and a strong desire to try anything once
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Five factors in Costa and McCrea's theory of personality
4. Agreeableness
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- people high on this dimension are likely to be accepting, willing to work with others, and caring
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Five factors in Costa and McCrea's theory of personality
5. Conscientiousness
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- people high on this dimension tend to be hard working, ambitious, energetic, scrupulous, and perservering
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Generativity
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- helping other to ensure continuation of society
- Concerned with helping younger people achieve
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Midlife Crisis
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- Most people in the U.S. believe they have or will have a midlife crisis'
- Research fails to support the idea that midlife crisis is a common experience
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Family Dynamics
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- Parent-child relationships improve as children become young adults
- Parents adjust well to "empty nest"
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Historical trends of aging
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- History: Elders treated with respect
- U.S. now: being young is important
- Proportion of older adults growing dramatically, especially in industrialized nations because of antibiotics, knowledge about diseases, better nutrition
- Older women more
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Life expectancy
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- number of years a person lives
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Average life expectancy
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- age t which half of the people born in a particular year will have died
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Useful life expectancy
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- Number of years free from impairment
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Maximum life expectancy
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- longest life that's possible
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Factors that influence how long we live
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- Genetics
- Environmental factors; disease, toxins, lifestyle
International differences in life expectancy
- Sierra Leone: 40.9 yrs
- Japan: 82.1 yrs
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The Third Age
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- the young-old (60-80 yrs)
- have much to look forward to
- More people living longer/better
- cognitive and emotional processes largely in tact
- High levels of well being
- Effective strategies to cope with changes of aging
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The Fourth Age
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- The oldest-old (over 80 yrs)
- Limits in daily functioning
- Sizable losses in cognitive abilities
- Negative effects of chronic stress
- High prevalence of dementia, frailty, chronic conditions
- Problems; quality of life and dying with dignity
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Factors that influence longevity
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- Genetic factors
- Social class
- Environmental factors
- Ethnic differences
- Gender differences
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Four Biological Theories of Aging
1. Wear and Tear theory
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- body gradually deteriorates and eventually wears out
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Four Biological Theories of Aging
2. Cellular theories
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- Hayflick limit: limit on number of times a cell can divide (75-80 times) which is determined by the length of the chromosome tips
- Buildup of free radicals in cells
- Decay of mitochondria
- Stiffening of elastic tissues
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Four Biological Theories of Aging
3. Metabolic theories
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- slowing of metabolism and decreased ability to deal with stress and immune challenges
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Four Biological Theories of Aging
4. Genetically programmed cell death
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genetically programmed cell death
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Physiological changes of neurons during old age
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- Neuronal changes impair ability to transmit information
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Neurofibrillary tangles
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- axons become twisted together
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Neuritic Plaques
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- groups of dead and dying neurons around protein core
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Cardiovascular and Respiratory Changes
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- Heart and vessels: fat deposits, stiffening, decrease in muscle
- Stiffening of rib cage and air passages
- Destruction of air sacs in lungs
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Vision changes
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- Need more ligh to see well
- Difficult seeing close objects clearly
- Cataracts: opaque spots on lens eye
- Glaucoma: fluid pressure on eye
- Decline in acuity
- Decline in ability to focus at different distances
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Hearing changes
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- General hearing loss
- Less senstive to high- pitched tones
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Changes in Balance
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- Can lead to falls
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Cognitive Processes in Old Age
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- Attention remains largely intact (simple tasks, moderate pace)
- General slowing of psychomotor speed (response time)
- Takes longer to decide on the the response that is needed
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Memory in Old Age
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- Working memory declines with age
- Episodic memory declines with age (events of one's life)
- No decline in semantic memory
- Many older adults worry about significant memory declines, even when not warranted
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Alzheimer's Disease
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- Involves serious impairment of behavioral and cognitive functioning
- Prevalence increases dramatically with age; low rates in 50s
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Alzheimer's Diseases Symtoms
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- Gradual decline in memory, attention, and judgment
- Confusion about time and place
- Difficulty communicating
- Decline in personal hygiene
- Inappropriate social behavior
- Later stages: Incontinence: loss of bladder or bowel control, total loss of mobility
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Alzheimer's Disease Diagnosis
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- Cannot diagnose with certainty until post-mortem testing of brain tissue
- Can diagnose probable Alzheimer's while living
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Help for Patients and Families with AD
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- Can alleviate symptoms
- Drug therapy to maintain cognitive skills
- external memory aids
- Structure in their daily care is helpful
- Support for caregivers
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Continuity Theory
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- keep doing what works
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Competence and Environmental Press
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- ability and environmental demands determine adjustment
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Integrity vs. Despair
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- attempt to make sense of one's own life (Erikson)
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Life Review
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- reflect on events and experiences of one's lifetime
- Accept past
- Appreciate future of family and community
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Spiritual Support
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- Older adults use religious faith more than anything else to cope
- Older adults who are more involved and committed to faith have a better physical and mental health than older adults who are not religious
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Subjunctive Well-Being
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- Positive evaluation of one's life
- Depends on chronic illness, marital status, stress, and social network (the amount of contact with family and friends, and neighbors, anc community etc. but gets smaller with age due to deaths)
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Social Convoy
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- group of people that journey with us throughout our lives, providing support in good times and bad
- With time, older adults begin to lose members of their friendship network, usually through death
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Retirement
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- Process by which people withdraw from full-time occupation
- Often burred process involving part time work (bridge job)
- Retirement age of 65 may not longer be appreciate
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Married Couples
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- Generally happy
- Adaptive ways to avoid conflict
- More alike over time
- Satisfaction declines when health problems emerge
- Virtually all older couples see marriage and because of the death of their spouse (they do not get divorced at old age)
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Assistance for Older Adults
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- Frail older adults need help with Activities of Daily Living (ADL's): basic self care tasks
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Assisted Living
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- for people needing help with ADL's but not needing 24-hour care
- Salon, garbage removal, yard work
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Nursing Homes
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- 24-hr care for residents
- Residents likely to be over the age of 75
- Men and minorities are underrepresented
- Expensive
- Quality of care is important; sense of control is key
- Maintaining contact with family and friends is important
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Clinical Death
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- lack of heartbeat and respiration
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Whole brain death
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- 8 criteria
- No spontaneous respirations
- No response to painful stimuli
- No pupil responses
- No motor reflexes
- Flat EEG
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Persistent Vegetative State
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- absence of cortical brain functioning, but the brain stem is still functioning
- No awareness of self or surroundings, despite operation of basic life systems
- Person does not recover
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Euthanasia
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- practice of ending life for reasons of mercy
- Active euthanasia- deliberate ending of someones life by doing something (active)
- Passive euthanasia- allowing a person to die by withholding available treatment
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Kubler-Ross (1969) Five Emotions
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Denial
- Anger
- Bargaining
- Depression
- Acceptance
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Bereavement
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- the state or condition caused by loss through death
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Grief
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- the sorrow, hurt, anger, guilt, confusion, and other feelings that arise after suffering a loss
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Mourning
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- the ways in which we express our grief
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Understanding Death
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- Realistic understanding of death based on 3 ideas
1. Permanence: once a living thing dies, it cannot be brought back to life
2. Universality: all living things eventually die
3. Nonfunctionality: all living functions cease at death
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PSY 213: EXAM 3