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PSY 213: EXAM 3
What is emerging adulthood?
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Transition from adolescene to adulthood that involves experimentation & exploration
18-25 years of age
Not a world-wide phenomenon
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What are some key features of emerging adulthood?
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Identity exploration--especially in love & work
Instability--residential changes peak, often instability in love, work & education
Self-focuses--"running own lives"
The Age of Possibilities: A time when individuals have an opportunity to reorient their lives in a positive direction
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Markers of becoming an adult
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Holding a full time job
Economic independence
Taking responsibility for oneself
Slight over 50% of people over 25 are independent
Marriage is a marker in some developing countries
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Health in Early Adulthood
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Emerging adults have 2x's the mortality rate than adolescents
Few chronic health problems & have fewer colds & respiratory problem than when they were children
Males at a greater risk of unintentional injuries, suicide, etc.
increase in bad health habits
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Health in Early Adulthood: Eating & Weight
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Obesity--linked to increased risk of hypertension, diabetes, & cardiovascular disease
Dieting--Becoming an obsession with many Americans (although obesity is on the rise)
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Health in Early Adulthood: Regular Exercise
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Helps prevent chronic disorders
Aerobic exercise: Sustained exercise that stimulates heart & lung activity
Improves self-concept & reduces anxiety & depression
Most effective programs for losing weight includes exercise
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Health in Early Adulthood: Physical Performance & Development
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Most of us reach our peak of physical performance between ages 19 & 26
Muscle tone & strength usually begin to show signs of decline around age 30
Swimmers & gymnasts peak in their teens
Golf & marathoners in later years (20's & 30's)
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Substance Abuse
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by mid-twenties many have reduced their use of alcohol or drugs
Binge drinking: describes individuals who had 10 or more drinks in a row--increases in college
more likely to miss class, unprotected sex, 10x's likely to drive drunk-Binge drinking peaks @ about 21-22 then declines
Pregaming: Drinking alcohol before going out common among college students
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What is the average age of marriage for men & women
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Men: 28
Women: 26
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Sexual Orientation & Behavior
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Emerging adulthood is a time during which most individuals are both sexually active & unmarried
Patterns of heterosexual behavior:
males have more casual sexual partners, while females report being more selective
casual sex is more common in emerging adulthood than in young adulthood
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Sexual Orientation & Behavior: Americas fall into 3 categories
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1/3 have sex twice a week or more
1/3 a few times a month
1/3 a few times a year or not at all
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Sexual Orientation & Behavior
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Married (& cohabiting) couple have sex more often than non-cohabiting couple
Most Americans do not engage in kinky sexual acts
Adultery is the exception rather than the rule
Men think about sex far more often than woman do
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Sources of Sexual Orientation
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Sexual orientation is a continuum from exclusive male-female relations to exclusive same-sex relations (most likely a combination of genetic, hormonal, cognitive, & environmental factors)
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Attitudes & Behavior of Lesbians & Gays
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many gender differences that appear in heterosexual relationships occur in same-sex relationships
Lesbian & gay experience life as a minority in a dominant, majority culture
Developing a bicultural identity creates a new way of defining themselves
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How many Americans contract an STI?
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STI: Sexually Transmitted Infection: Diseases contracted primarily through sex
Affects 1 out of every 6 adults
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HIV statistics
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34 million people in the word have HIV
22 million of those cases are in Africa (common age group of 15-27 years)
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Piagets view of cognitive, development
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Adolescents & adults think qualitatively in the same way
Age 11-15 adolescents enter the formal operational stage--characterized by more logical, abstract, and idealistic thinking than the concrete operational stage
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Postformal Thought
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Reflexive, relativistic, & contextual
Provisional--more skeptical about the truth
Realistic--thinking can't always be abstract recognized as being influenced by emotion
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What are the characteristic's of creative adults?
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Early adulthood is a time of great creativity for some people
any consideration of decline in creativity with age requires consideration of the field of creativity involved
They aren't afraid of failure
They look for stimulating activities
Flow
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Career Development
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From mid 20's on, individuals often seek to establish their emerging career in a particular field
only 20% of 12-22 yr. olds have a clear vision of where they want to go in life
Students focus only on short term goals--don't explore the big, long-term pictures of what they want to do in life
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Impact of Work
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Most spend 1/3 of their lives at work
Important consideration is how stressful the work is
Becomes a part of who you are
33% of Americans work 40 hours a week
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Work During College
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Working can pay or help offset some costs of schooling
But can also restrict students opportunities to learn
47% of college students work
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Unemployment
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produces stress regardless of whether job loss is temporary, cyclical, or permeant
Factors affecting employment--physical problems, mental problems, marital difficulties, & homicide
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Dual-Earner Couples
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Face special challenges finding a balance between work & family life
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Diversity In Workplace
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Women have increasingly entered the labor force
Ethnic diversity also increasing in the workplace in almost every developed country
France is NOT increasing in ethnic diversity in the work field
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Different types of Attachment
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Secure Attachment Style
Avoidant Attachment Style
Anxious Attachment Style
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Secure Attachment Style
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Have a positive view of relationships & find it easy to get close to others & aren't overly concerned with or stressed out about their romantic relationships
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Avoidant Attachment Style
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Are hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationships--once in a relationship tend to distance themselves from their partner
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Anxious Attachment Style
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Demand closeness, are less trusting, more emotional, jealous, and possessive
Lower level of sexual satisfaction, if you don't respond you are cheating
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Intimacy vs Isolation
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intimacy is finding oneself while losing oneself in another person (doesn't mean you lose yourself)
Failure to achieve intimacy (in 20's & 30's) results in social isolation (may be rejecting & bitter)
Balance between intimacy & commits and independence & freedom
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What are gender differences in adult friendships
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women have more close friends & their friendships involve more self disclosure & exchange of mutual support
More likely to listen at length what friend has to say & be sympathetic
Talk in central to their relationships
Women show more emotional intimacy with close friends than men
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Rapport Talk
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Language of conversation--way of establishing connections & negotiating relationships--women prefer
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Report Talk
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Talking that is designed to give information--men prefer this
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Triangular Theory of Love
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Intimacy: Emotional feelings of warmth & closeness & sharing in a relationship
Passion: Physical & sexual attraction to one another
Commitment: Cognitive appraisal of the relationship & intent to maintain relationship
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Romantic Love
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Passionate love or eros, has strong sexual & infatuation components & often predominates in the early period of a love relationship
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Affectionate Love
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Companionate love, and individual desires to have the other person near or has a deep, caring affection for the other person (Intimacy & commitment lack passion)
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Consummate Love
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Strongest form of love where you have passion, commitment, and intimacy
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What are some stereotypes about single adults?
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"swinging single" to the "desperately lonely, suicidal single"
Ages 24-36 46% are single & 45% are married
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What are some problems single adults face?
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Forming intimate relationships with other adults
Confronting loneliness
Finding a place in a society that is marriage-oriented
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What are some advantages of being single
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Having time to make decisions about ones life course
Time to develop personal resources to meet goals
Freedom to make autonomous decisions
Pursue one's own schedule & interests
Opportunity to explore new places and try out new things--Privacy
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Cohabiting Adults
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Living together in a sexual relationship without being married
Reasons for cohabiting--spent time together, share expenses, evaluate compatibility
Lower marital satisfaction & increased likelihood of divorce
60% of people live together before marriage
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What are some benefits of a good marriage?
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Happily married people live longer, healthier lives
Feel less physical & emotional stress
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Know the factors that contribute to divorce?
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Youthful marriage
Low educational level
Not having a religious affiliation
Having divorced parents
Having a baby before marriage
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Strategies for divorced adults
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Thinking of divorce as a chance to grow personally
Making decisions carefully
Focusing more on the future than the past
Using strength & resources to cope with difficulties
Not expecting to be successful & happy in everything you do
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Are 2nd marriages more unstable than first marriage?
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Yes more unstable
Have higher rates of depression
But improved financial status
Remarriage occurs sooner for partners who initiate a divorce
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Crystalized Intelligence
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Accumulated information & verbal skills which increase in middle age
Continues to increase in middle adulthood
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What are misconceptions about gay & lesbian relationships
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Masculine/feminine roles are relatively uncommon
Small segment of the gay male populations has a large # of sexual partners
Gay male couple has an open relationship while lesbian couples usually do not
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How does the birth of a child affect the marital relationship?
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parental roles are well planned, coordinated with other roles in life, developed with the individuals economic situation in mind, for others-discovery that they are about to be parents is a startling surprise
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Trends in Childbearing
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By giving birth to fewer children & reducing the demands of child care, women free up a significant portion of their life spans for other endeavors
As working women increase in number, they invest less actual time in the child's development Men are more inclined to inset a greater amount of time fathering
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What is meant by age identity?
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Age identity "How old do you feel"
As adults become older their age identity is younger than their chronological age
An increasing percentage of the population is made up of middle-aged & older adults
"Rectangularization" of the age distribution
People feel younger than they really are
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How have conceptions of middle adulthood changed in recent generation?
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Among some of the healthiest & wisest people there are
People in their 50's are more alert than 40 year olds a generation ago
People feel younger than they really are
1900 average life expectancy was 47, now 78
12% of population is 65 or older
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How does todays middle-aged cohort compare with middle-aged adults in the past?
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Middle adulthood 40-45 years of age to about 60-65 years
Declining physical skills & increasing responsibility
Awareness of young-old polarity
Transmitting something meaningful to the next generation
Reaching & maintaining career satisfaction
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What life events are common among adults in late midlife (55-65)
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Death of a parent
Last child leaving the parental home
Becoming a grandparent
Preparation for & actual retirement
Gains & loses & biological & sociocultural factors balance each other (may experience 1st serious health problem)
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Health & Disease in Middle Adulthood
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frequency of accidents declines--individuals are less susceptible to colds & allergies
Stress is increasingly being found to be a factor in disease
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Middle Adulthood: Effect of Chronic Stress on Health
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interfere with immune functioning
Linked to disease through immune system and cardiovascular factors
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Middle Adulthood: Mortality Rates
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Chronic diseases are the main cause of death during middle adulthood--heart disease & cancer
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Aging in Middle Adulthood: Visible Signs
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Wrinkling & sagging of skin
Appearance of aging spots
Hair becomes thinner & grayer
Yellowing of teeth
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Aging Signs In Middle Adulthood: Height & Weight
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Individuals lose height & gain weight
Being overweight is a critical health problem in middle adulthood
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Aging in Middle Adulthood: Strength, Joints, & Bones
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Sarcopenia: Age related loss of muscle mass strength
Cushions for bone movement become less efficient
Leading to joint stiffness & more difficulty in movement
Progressive bone loss
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Aging signs in middle adulthood: Vision & Hearing
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Accommodation the eye: ability to focus & maintain an image on the retina
Experience sharp declines between 40-59 years
Difficulty in viewing close objects
Reduced blood supply decreases visual fields
Hearing can start to decline @ age 40
High-pitched sounds are typically lost first
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Aging in Middle Adulthood: Cardiovascular System
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High blood pressure, high cholesterol & cardiovascular disease
Exercise, weiht control. & a diet rich in fruits, vegetables & whole grains can often help
Metabolic syndrome: hypertension, obesity, & insulin resistance
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Aging in Middle-Adulthood: Lungs
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Lung tissue becomes less elastic @ about age 55, decreasing the lungs capacity
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Importance of religion in older adults lives
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Important to consider the role of individual difference--a powerful influence in some lives whereas it plays little or no role in others
Significant increase in spirituality between late middle & late adulthood--Females more than males participated in organized & personal forms of religion--Live longer, less likely to experience depression/happier--big increase in mid 30's-60's
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Aging in Middle-Adulthood: Sleep
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Wakeful periods become more frequent in the 40's
Sleep-disordered breathing & restless leg syndrome
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Physical health is a key factor in sexual behavior among middle aged adults
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Aging in Middle-Adulthood: Sexual behavior
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Climacteric: Midlife transition in which fertility declines
Menopause: cessation of a woman's menstrual period
HRT-Hormonal Replacement Therapy
Hormonal changes in middle-aged men--decline in sexual hormone level & activity ,Erectile dysfunction
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Fluid Intelligence
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One's ability to reason abstractly
Begins to decline from middle adulthood on
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Seattle Longitudinal study
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Extensive evaluation of intellectual abilities during adulthood--main focus on individual changes in stability in intelligence |
(Seattle Longitudinal Study) Which mental abilities increase or remain stable with age & which tend to decline
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Verbal comprehension:increase
Verbal Memory:increase
Numeric Ability:Decline
Spatial Orientation:increase
Inductive reasoning:increase
Perceptual speed: Decline
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What is working memory?
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Working memory: Is like a mental "workbench" where individuals can manipulate & assemble information when making decisions, solving problems & comprehending written & spoken language
Working memory contributes to change in information processing skills by--> reaction-time tasks: as you get older, reaction time decreases
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What are some career challenges that midlife adults face?
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Role of work is central during middle age--A time of evaluation, assessment, & reflection about work
Challenges--Globalization of work--Rapid developments in information technologies--Downsizing of organization--Pressure to choose early retirement--concerns about pensions & health care
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How important is leisure?
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Leisure refers tot eh pleasant times after work when individuals are free to pursue activities & interests of their own choosing--hobbies, sports, or reading
Can be especially important aspect of middle adulthood--more money may be available to many individuals & there can be more free time & paid vacations
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Religion & Health
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Some cults & religious sects encourage behaviors that are damaging to health
Researchers increasingly finding positive links between religion & physical
Reasons why religion promotes health
Lifestyle issues, social networks, coping with stress
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Meaning in Life
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emphasized each persons uniqueness & the finiteness of life
3 most distinct human qualities are:
Spirituality
Freedom
Responsibility
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Eriksons Stage of Generativity vs. Stagnation
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generativity: encompasses adults desire to leave legacies of themselves to the next generation--Generative adults commit themselves to the continuation & improvement of society as a whole through their connection to the next generation
Stagnation: develops when individuals sense that they have done little or nothing for the next generation
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Middle-Age Adults can develop Generativity by:
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Through biological generativity--having kids
Parental Generativity--Adults nurture & guide children
Work Generativity: Adults develop skills that are passed down tot others
Cultural Generativity: Adults create, renovate, or conserve some aspect of culture that ultimately survives
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What are some conflicts that middle-aged adults face?
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Being young vs. being old
Being destructive vs. being constructive
Being masculine vs. being feminine
Being attached to others vs. being separated from them
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Midlife Crises
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40's are a decade of reassessing & recording the truth about the adolescent & adult years
A stage of uncertainty & indecision brought about by the realization that life is finite
Believe that midlife crises have been exaggerated--place too much on crises in development--only a minority of adults experience it
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What is the Contemporary Life-Events Approach?
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Emphasizes that how life events influence the individuals development depends not only on the life event itself but also:
Mediating factors (how one person responds)
Individual adaptions to the life event
Life-stage context
Socio-hisotrical context(whats going on at time of event)
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Drawbacks of contemporary life events approach
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Too much emphasis on change
May not be life's major events that are primary sources of stress (i.e. daily experience--hating boss, poverty, being bullied, homelessness)
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How do women deal with stress?
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Are more vulnerable to social stressors such as those involving romance, family & work---Women also more likely to become depressed when they encounter stressful life event--Women are also much more susceptible to depressive symptoms when they felt constant stress from finances, increasing stress from jobs, & fluctuating stress in family relationships
Tend & Befriend: Seek social alliances w/ others
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How do men deal with stress?
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When men face stress they are likely to respond in fight-or-flight manner
Fight-or-flight: The view that when men experience stress they are more likely to become aggressive, withdraw from social contact, or drink alcohol
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What is the social clock & how does it contribute to satisfaction in midlife?
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Social Clock: The time table according to which individuals are expected to accomplish life's tasks such as getting married, having children, or establishing a career
Social clock provides guides for our lives; individuals whose lives are not synchronized with these social clocks find life to be more stressful than those who are on a schedule
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Life Expectancy
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Maximum # of years an individual can live
Between 120-125 years
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Differences in Life Expectancy
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Female life expectancy: 80.8 years
Male life expectancy: 75.7 year
Beginning in mid 30's women outnumbered men b/c of
Health attitudes & Habits
Lifestyles- & Occupations
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Centenarians
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Centenarians: People who live to 100 or older
Genes play an important role in surviving to an extreme old age along with:
Family history, Health, Education, Personality, Lifestyle, Don't have type A personality, Laid back people live longer
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How does the brain change in late adulthood & how does it adapt to age related changes?
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The aging brain--> shrinking, slowing brain( less neurotransmitter) Brain loses 5-10% of its weight between the ages of 20 & 90 years-- Volume decreases due to: shrinkage of neurons, lower number of synapses, reduced length of axon---Slowing of function in the brain & spinal cord begins in middle-adulthood & accelerates in late adulthood-affecting physical & intellectual performance
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How does the brain adapt to age-related changes?
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Neurogensis--generation of new neurons
Dendritic growth
Decrease in lateralization--improve cognitive functioning
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How does nutrition & weight contribute to health & longevity?
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Getting adequate nutrition
Avoiding overweight & obesity
Role of calorie restriction in improving health & extending life
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What is meant by "use it or lose it"
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Certain mental activities can benefit the maintenance of cognitive skills--reading books, doing crossword puzzles, going to lectures & concerts
Research suggests that--> Mental exercise may reduce cognitive decline
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Dementia |
Involves a deterioration of mental functioning
23% of women & 17% of men 85 years & older are at risk for developing dementia
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Alzheimer Disease
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Gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, & eventually physical function
Women are likely to develop Alzheimer disease because they live longer then men
Alzheimer involves a deficiency in the brain messenger chemical acetylcholine
Formation of amyloid plaques & neurofibrillary tangles
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Drug Treatment for Alzheimer Disease
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Drug: Cholinerase inhibitors & other drugs slow the downward progression of the disease
Researchers now know..controlling diet, exercise: one of the best things for Alzheimer disease
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Caring for Individuals with Alzheimer disease
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Support is often emotionally & physically draining for the family
Respite care services
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Eriksons view of Integrity vs. Despair
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Integrity vs. Despair: Involves reflecting on the past & either piecing together a positive review or concluding that one's life has not been well spent
Life review: Looking back at one's life experiences, evaluating them & interpreting/ reinterpreting them
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Selective Optimization with Compensation
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Successful aging is linked with 3 main factors: Selection: Older adults have reduced capacity & loss of functioning, which requires a reduction in performance in most life domains-Optimization: It is possible to maintain performance in some areas through continues practice & the use of new technologies:-Compensation: Older adults need to compensate when life tasks require a higher level of capacity
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What are some stereotypes of elderly adults? Are they accurate?
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They are weak
Feeble
Not able to do normal tasks
This is not accurate because a majority still lead normal lives
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Why is altruism & volunteerism important in late life?
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Older adults who have persistently low or declining of usefulness to others had an increased risk of earlier death --Volunteering is associated with a # of positive outcomes:
Constructive activities
Productive Roles
Social Integration
Enhance meaningfulness
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Ethnicity |
Elderly ethnic minority individuals face both ageism & racism
Despite stress & discrimination man ethnic minority individuals have developed coping mechanisms that allow them to survive
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Gender
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Some developmentalists believe that there is decreasing femininity in women & decreasing masculinity in men during late adulthood
Older men become more feminine (nurturing, cooperative, collaborative) but women do not necessarily become more masculine
Older adult females face ageism & sexism
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Successful Aging
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Many abilities can be maintained &/or in older adults due to:
Proper diet & Active lifestyle
Mental stimulation & flexibility
Positive coping skills
Good social relationships & suppose
Absence of disease
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Successful Aging
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