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PHY 102: EXAM 1
True science is a ______
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Method |
Science depends on ________ _________.
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material evidence
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What does the science of physics study
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Matter and energy
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What is technology to science
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An application
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what are the 6 key parts of the scientific method
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1. Observe
2. Hypothesize
3. Predict
4. Test
5. Modify
6. Economize
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What are the 2 main components of the scientific method
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Theory and Observation
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True or False: A good scientific theory uses and builds upon existing knowledge
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True
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True or False: A good scientific theory CANNOT be modified when new info is found
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False |
True or False: A good scientific theory does not have predictive power
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False
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True or False: A good scientific theory is developed step by step
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True |
True or False: A good scientific theory sometimes is objective
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False; a good theory is always objective
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True or False: A good scientific theory can be tested and/or disproven
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True |
What are the characteristics of a good scientific theory
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1. Uses and builds upon existing knowledge
2. Modified when new (contradictory) info is found
3. Has predictive power
4. Developed step by step
5. Objective
6. Can be tested or disproven
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What might cause a good scientific theory to be changed or abandoned
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Sometimes theories don't act the way they used to behave.
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What is the most important tool in astronomy
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light |
Why is light such an important tool for astronomers
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1. We can learn so much about distant objects
2. Can cross enormous distances in a short time
3. Brings info more quickly than if we could sample it directly
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What is the fastest known phenomenon
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light |
What is the speed of light
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c= 3.0 x10^8 meters/sec
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Which is faster, speed or light?
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light (6 powers of 10 faster)
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How long does thunder take to travel one mile after lightning strikes
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5 seconds
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Is light instantaneous
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No |
How long does it take for light to reach the Earth
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about 8 min
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What does a light-year define
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distance
1 ly=9.461 x 10^15
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Light is a form of ______, that behaves BOTH as a _____ and a ________.
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Energy
Wave
Particle
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Issac Newton's work with prisms in the late 1600's
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1. Demonstrated light consists of a spectrum of colors (rainbow)
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Thomas Young's "double slit" experiment in 1801
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1. Demonstrated wave property of interference
2. Proved light had a characteristic wavelength
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Albert Einsten's "photoelectric effect" experiment in 1905
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1. Demonstrated the photon
2. Proved light travels as discrete "energy packets"
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Why is light also called electromagnetic radiation
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Light is energy, transported as a wave. The electric and magnetic fields are doing the "waving".
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What dies this equation express: c=f(wavelength symbol)
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"color" of light on the electromagnetic spectrum
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How are different kind of light waves arranged on the electromagnetic spectrum?
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Lowest-Highest
Radio - microwaves - infared radiation - visible light - ultraviolet radiation - x-rays - gamma rays
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As frequency increases, _______ decreases
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wavelength |
The amount of energy carried by a light wave is determined by its _______
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frequency
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E=hf
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Energy carried by a wavelengh
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As frequency increases, ______ increases
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energy |
What does understanding light give us
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Info from great distances at high speeds
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Does earth's atmosphere block some wavelengths?
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yes
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What do we learn from observing the universe in many different wavelengths of light
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1. Different objects appear different in different wavelengths
2. Different physical processes produced different wavelengths
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What units, and what size scale, are needed to measure the universe
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Powers of 10
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Powers of 10
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allow us to compare relative sizes of objects in the universe
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What power of 10 does the known universe span
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40 |
What is the smallest piece of matter
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atom
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True or False: Atoms of different types makes up different elements in the periodic table
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true
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What are found in the nucleus
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protons and neutrons
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Where do you find electrons
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surrounding the nucleus at varying distances
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What property makes an atom unique, as opposed to other divisions of matter
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It is the smallest particle of a chemical element that still has the properties of that element
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What is the structure of an atom
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Protons, neutrons, and electrons
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The number of _______ in an atom determines its "isotope"
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neutrons
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The number of ______ in an atom determines its chemical properties; what kind of element it is
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protons |
What are the two most important elements int he study of astronomy
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H and He
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What are the main features of the Bohr model of an atom
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1. Atoms are arranged with specific, discrete energy levels
2. The levels are quantized: the arrangements are different for each element
3. An atom can move between the energy levels by absorbing or emitting a photon of light (energy)
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How do electrons move between energy levels
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By absorbing or emitting a photon of light (energy).
When an electron transitions between energy levels it jumps instantaneously.
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True or False: An electron can live in between energy levels
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false
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Hydrogen is _____% of the universe
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90
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Helium is ___% of the universe
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9 |
What is a galaxy
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Enormous objects held together by gravity, over 100,00 ly across
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What are galaxies made of
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Dust
Clouds of gas
Stars
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What is OUR galaxy called
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Milky Way
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What type of galaxy is the Milky Way
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Spiral
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How are galaxies classified
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Edwin Hubble developed the "turning fork" diagram. Classifies the galaxies by their appearance
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What types of galaxies are there
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1. Spiral and Barred Spiral
2. Elliptical
3. Irregular
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Where are we, sun and earth, located within our galaxy
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Not in the center, about 2/3 from the edge of the milky way galaxy
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What force is responsible for the behavior and structure of galaxies
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gravity |
What does gravity cause galaxies to do
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Cluster together in groups. Can collide and merge together. Interactions can induce star formations
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What can happen when galaxies interact or collide
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merge together or induce star formations
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velocity
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The speed and direction in which an object is moving
v=d/t
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How is velocity related to distance and time
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Change in distance over change it time
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velocity is a ______
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vector
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what are the 2 parts of a vector
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1. Magnitude (size, amount)
2. Direction
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acceleration
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the rate at which velocity changed
a= v/t
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How is acceleration related to velocity, distance, and time
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Change in velocity over change in time.
v=at or a=v/t
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what are the equations of motion
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v= v0+ at
x=x0 + v0t + 1/2 at^2
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v= v0+ at
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Relationship between initial and final velocity
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x=x0 + v0t + 1/2 at^2
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distance
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Where do starts go when the sun is shining
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Hidden from view by the sun's bright glare
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About how many times are star charts updated
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About every 50 years
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Constellations |
regions named after familiar patterns of stars
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How many official constellations are there
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88 |
What coordinate system do we use to model the sky
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celestial sphere
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What are the 2 axis points on the celestial sphere
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North and South celestial poles
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directly above the earth's poles
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directly above the earth's poles
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Where is the celestial equator located
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directly above the earth's equator
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What are latitude and longitude measured as
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longitude: right ascension (in hours)
latitude: declination (in degrees)
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ecliptic
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apparent path of the sun on the celestial sphere
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Why are the 13 constellations of the zodiac "special"
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The sun passes through these 13 regions
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What are the points where the ecilptic intersects the celestial sphere
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equinoxes
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When the sun is at the _______ equinox (MAR 21), the sun is moving North
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vernal |
When the sun is at the _______ equinox (SEPT 21), the sun is moving South
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automnal
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What is the sun's Northern-most point on the celestial sphere
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summer solstice (JUN 21)
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What is the sun's southern-most point on the CS
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winter solstice (DEC 21)
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what causes day and night on earth
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Earth rotates on its axis, causing alternating daylight and darkness
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True or False: The stars appear somewhat different near the NP, middle latitudes, and equator
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true |
Why are stars called circumpolar
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The stars near the poles of the CS move in trails that circle the pole and never set
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How long does it take the earth to revolve (orbit) the sun
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365 days, 5 hrs, and 49.2 min
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We define the plane of the earth's orbit as the
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Why are stars called circumpolar
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what causes seasons we experience on earth
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earth's spin axis is tilted 23 1/2 degrees with respect to its orbit around the sun
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summer; winter
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summer; winter
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Summer is in the ___ hemisphere, winter is in the ____ hemisphere (_______ equinox)
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N;S; summer
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Spring is in the ___ hemisphere, autumn in the _____ hemisphere (_____ equinox)
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N;S; vernal
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Winter in the ____ hemisphere, summer in the ____ hemisphere (_____ solstice)
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N;S; Winter
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Autumn in the ___ hemisphere, Spring in the ___ hemisphere (_____ equinox)
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N;S; automnal
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