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MUS 152: FINAL EXAM
Bill Monroe
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Father of bluegrass music
Genre named after his band
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Akonting |
Three stringed banjo-like instrument from West Africa
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Bluegrass |
Genre given birth by Bill Monroe
Reaction to glamour and glitz, corruption of Nashville
Acoustic
Bill Monroe, Earl Scruggs
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Carter Family
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Country music trio
Got start in 1920s on XERA
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Clawhammer
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Banjo technique came over on slave ships from West Africa
Has to be taught from person to person
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Country & Western
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1940s Western style came into country music, mainly because of Hank Williams
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Dixie |
Famous minstrel era song
Composed by Dan Emmett
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Dan Emmett
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Composed "Dixie"
Black-faced minstrel performer
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Earl Scruggs
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Banjo player, bluegrass, played with Bill Monroe
Up until his time banjo was comical instrument/African American stereotype
Earl Scruggs was dead serious
Played banjo using a 3 finer (Scruggs) style/in contrast to Clawhammer style
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Elevation of the banjo
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End of 19th century when music instrument companies start mass producing the instrument, marketing to upper class people
"Elevating the banjo" to high society
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Grand Ol' Opry
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Long running radio show on WSM in Nashville, what made Nashville the center of the country music industry
Got its start in the 1920s
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Hank Williams
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The big country music star of 1940s/50s, brought Western to Country Western
Died very young - 29
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Hillbilly |
Stereotype of southern, white, rural mountaineers
Drunk/silly behavior
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Jim Crow
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Character in the minstrel shows, black man with oversized shoes
Name given to laws of racial segregation - legal racism
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Minstrelsy
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Minstrel shows, began in mid 19th centruy
Northern white urban performers doing parodies of black slave life
Central to minstrel shows was a musical ensemble including the banjo
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Nashville
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The center of the country music industry
Got its start through the popularity of the Grand Ol' Opry
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Nudie |
The tailor in Nashville who became famous for selling elaborate cowboy suits for country music stars
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Scruggs
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Earl Scruggs, famous for being serious on stage and in music, famous for developing Scruggs technique on the banjo
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Stephen Foster
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Well-known American composer, wrote songs for the minstrel shows
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Tommy Jarrell
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In movie "Sprout Wings and Fly"
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WLS
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Radio station in Chicago, one of the big promoters of country music
Stands for "World's Largest Store" - put on air by Sears Roebuck company
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XERA
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Border radio in the 1920s
Hillbilly musicians/quack medicine
The Carter Family
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AIM
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American Indian Movement
Political party at the forefront of the Red Power movement
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Drum group
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Northern plains music ensemble
Consists of a large drum with a bunch of men around the drum each playing with a single drumstick
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Ghost dance
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Diffused from the Piaute people to the Lakota
A vision by a shaman (Wovoka) among the Piautes
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Pine Ridge
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The largest Lakota Indian preservation in South Dakota, possibly the poorest community in the United States
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Red Power
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Political movement in 1960s/70s, bring attention to plight of Indians in North America, modeled after the Black Power movement
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Terraced melodic contour
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Melodic contour of traditional northern plains Indian music
Starts high, descends, goes high again
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Tom Bee
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Native American record producer, leader of the band XIT, record company is called Sound of America
Recording "Beginnings" was main soundtrack to the Red Power movement in the 1970s
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Native pop
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Genre of music that combines elements of rock and traditional Native American music
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Vocable
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Sung nonsense syllable
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Wounded Knee
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Sight of the massacre that was brought on by the celebration of the ghost dance, 1890, end of the ghost dance movement, last direct military conflict between Native Americans and US military
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Wovoka |
Piaute medicine man, created the ghost dance, was from Eastern California and ghost dance diffused northward into Lakota country
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XIT
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Crossing of Indian tribes, Tom Bee's band, soundtrack to Native American movement in 1970s
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Ajola |
Daniel Jatta, from Gambia
Uses akonting
way to remember - oh ajola
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Akonting |
Instrument
Drum-like gourd body, a long fretless stick neck, and three strings (two long melody strings and one short drone string akin to the "thumb string" on the banjo)
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"John Henry"
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James Roberts, from border area between North Carolina and Virginia
Part of a family lineage of black banjo players who have maintained techniques and repertoire through many generations
way to remember - no words, just banjo, steady beat
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"Dixie"
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Joe Ayers
Banjo
Composed by Dan Emmett for the Christy Minstrels, one of the more successful of the many professional black face minstrel troupes that toured the US between 1830s and 1880s. This deeply racist and astoundingly popular form of entertainment had a profound influence on American culture, in terms of language, stereotype imagery, and music
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Syncretic Music
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Combines elements from several different culture areas
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Minstrel Show
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1840s
"Blackface" parodies of slaves and slave life
Banjo diffuses to white northern working class society
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Marketing of the banjo after the civil war
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Women, social elites
Banjos highly ornamented
Parlour instrument
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"Banjo masters"
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Instructors for young ladies
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Banjo instructors for young ladies
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"Banjo masters"
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Banjo Diffusion - Geographic
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Out of the south, into the north
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Banjo Diffusion - Class
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From rural, slave class to upper class
working class to upper class
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Banjo Diffusion - Race
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From African Americans to European Americans
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By early 20th century the banjo was almost entirely played by _______
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white musicians
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"Jump Jim Crow"
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Henry Reed
Minstrel tune that gave its name to the segregation laws
way to remember - 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 1 2 3 4
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"Robert Cormack/Compliments to Buddy McMaster/Fisher's Hornpipe"
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Ken Perlman, banjo
White upper-class so-called "elevated banjo" of late 19th century
Melodic, genteel and more appropriate for a parlor recital than minstrel show
way to remember - very formal, almost like a lullaby
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"Country Blues"
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Dock Boggs, professional "hillbilly" musician, recorded in 1930s
Southern VA coal miner
way to remember - talks about lack of money
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"Keep on the Sunny Side"
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The Carter Family (Maybelle, Sara, and AP Carter)
First big stars of country music
Rose to fame on border radio
Their seriousness, religiousness, and "down-home" manner endeared them to American rural families in the 1930s
Churchy harmonies
"Down home" approach
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"I Saw the Light"
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Bill Monroe and his Bluegrass Boys
All acoustic instruments incl. fiddle, steel string guitar, mandolin, string bass, and banjo
Church-like harmonies, incl. a "high tenor" male singer, and elaborate choreography around a single microphone
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Border Radio
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Giant broadcasting companies that operated south of the Mexican border, and advertised "quack" medicines to rural America
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"Your Cheatin' Heart"
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Hank Williams, Country Western star
died at age 28
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"Earl's Breakdown"
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Earl Scruggs, banjo
Bluegrass
"Scruggs-style"- 3 finger "up-picking" approach to the 5 string banjo
way to remember - is very fast, up tempo, banjo - think The Country Bears
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"How Mountain Girls Can Love"
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The Tony Rice Unit
Contemporary bluegrass
Virtuosic playing, highly polished approach with serial solos, a driving groove, a constantly shifting instrumental texture, and high studio production values
way to remember - very strong offbeat playing
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"Wild Horses"
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Jerry Garcia and "Old and in the Way"
1970s, explosion of interest in bluegrass among young urban musicians
Garcia - banjo player from San Francsico and leader of "The Grateful Dead"
Song originally recorded by the Rolling Stones
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"Peace Behind the Bridge"
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The Carolina Chocolate Drops, 2010 Grammy-Award winning contemporary "old-time" string band
feat. Rhiannon Giddens and Dom Flemon on banjo
"reclaiming" the banjo
Weave older "hillbilly" styles and minstrel songs into a compelling sound
Particularly unusual for the variety and the scholarship they bring to early country
way to remember - very clacky drumsticks in background
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Joe Thompson
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"Soldier's Joy"
Rec. 1980s
3rd generation banjo player
Heterophonic texture
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John Carson
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1923, Fiddlin' John Carson
"The old hen she cackled" (Atlanta, GA)
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Charlie Poole
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"Take a Little Drink on Me"
Quintessential hillbilly performer
Comic presentation
Died at 27 years old
Charlie Poole and the North Carolina Ramblers
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Jimmie Rodgers
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"The yodeling brakeman"
"Blue Yodel" (T for Texas)
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Native Territory
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BIA (Dept. of Interior)
Overseen by BIA
Domestic "Nations"
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Canadian legal terms
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First nation
Inuit
Metis
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Blackfeet Grass Dance Song
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Powwow group, Montana
Use of vocables
Vocal music, accompanied by steady drumming
"Heartbeat" rhythm and "one-beat" rhythm
Music tied to ceremony and dance
Membranophones, ideophones
Monophonic texture
Emphasis on vocal texture
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Native American music Concepts
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Music associated with other activities (healing, ritual, courting, etc.)
Music comes from "out there"
Music as a means for healing
Music in oral/aural tradition
Technical complexity not especially valued
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Northern Plains
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Sioux, Blackfeet, Cheyenne, Crow, Arapaho, Lakota
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Lakota History
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17th-19th century Horse culture
1850 ceded all of their rights to land in exchange for reservations in South Dakota, Montana
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Lakota Today
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10k registered Lakota
Average lifespan on Pine Ridge Reservation (South Dakota) - 45 years
Median income: $26,000/year
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Music Elements of Traditional Lakota
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High, tense vocal production
Falsetto singing (high pitch)
Vocal pulsing
Drum group
Lead singers and "seconds"
"Terraced" contour
Sung with vocables
"Contemporary style" also uses English words
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Lakota music form
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AABCBC
Beats and vocals are separate
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Rabbit Dance
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Contemporary style
Courting dance
A A seconds
B all
C all longer
B (with text: "yes we are thinking of you.. wonder if you are alone tonight)
C I wonder if you are thinking of me Heya!
(Pushup - back to top)
Typically 4 times
"Honor Beats"
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Ghost Dance beginning
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Piqute - Great Basin
Wovoka - 1889 vision
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Ghost Dance purpose
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Correct, disciplined practice would lead to:
Return of buffalo
Reuniting with dead ancestors
Removal of white settlers
Ghost shirt made you impervious to Army bullets
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Wounded Knee
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1890 desperate situation
3000 dancers
Dec. 29 massacre
300 women and children killed
End of "Indian Wars"
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Ghost Dance Song
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Paired phrases
A cappella
Sung in Piaute language
Narrow melodic range
Repeated phrases, early to learn
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Powwow
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Public social gathering; dancing, food, "making relations"
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Native Pop history
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1952-1972 Urban migration, off reservations into large cities
Formed urban enclaves, communities
Late 1960s Red Power movement
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American Indian Movement (AIM)
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Political party - bringing public attention to the plight of American Indians
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Tom Bee
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AIM activist
XIT (band)
Album: "Plight of the Red Man"
Song: "Beginnings" (heavy bass, kick drum, vocables/English lyrics, chant)
Sound of America recording company
Million copies sold (bootlegged, radio stations, tables at powwows)
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Robbie Robertson
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"Unity"
Style: heavy bass, bass drum
Descending/cascading melodic contour, chant, prominent percussion
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"Sprout Wings and Fly"
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Film
Fiddler Tommy Jarrell
Director Les Blank
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"Lakota Rabbit dance song"
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Traditional Norther Plains "round dance" song for entertainment and courting
AABCBC form
typically sung with vocables and text combined
way to remember - "I wonder if you are alone tonight"
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"Pawnee Ghost Dance"
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Re-mastered 19th century recording of a ghost dance song
Ghost dance was a charismatic religious movement that diffused out of the great basin area into the northern plains
A cappella, paired phrases, relatively short sung phrases that were relatively easy to learn and sing
way to remember- sounds like on old radio
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"Beginning"
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Pan-tribal
XIT (Crossing of Indian Tribes) - rock band from Albaquerque, NM
Formed by Tom Bee, activist/musician
Red Power Movement
Sound of America recording company, dedicated to producing and distributing Native American popular music
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"Unity"
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Robbie Robertson
Pan-tribal plea for unity, in the form of an updated Cherokee "stomp dance"
Robbie had early fame as a guitarist and songwriter in "The Band" in the 70s
Member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
way to remember- "this is Indian country"
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