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HIS 104.01: EXAM 2
Nubia |
South of Egypt
Nubian Corridor- Movement of people and trade
Cataracts-6 waterfalls
Meroe- major iron works center, found slags
Napata- Capital of Kush
Mixed Farming- Farming and raising animals
Technological Developments- lances, arrowheads, pottery, basketry
Social System- Absolute Monarchy, divine kingship
|
Ethiopia |
Highlands
Red sea
3 climates- Temperate, sub-tropical, tropical
Wet season- june- september
Dry season- october-February
Mixed farming- crops, livestock, fishing, periodic famine
Technological- Impressive agriculture
Social Systems- Absolute monarch, divine ruler, Queen of Sheba, functional specialization
|
Absolute Monarch
|
King had whole power
|
Divine Ruler
|
Have religious power
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Queen of Sheba
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Founder of Kingdom, wife of King Salaman
|
Senegambian Region
(Location)
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River Senegal
River Gambia
33,000 sq. km.
1,624 sites
16,320 monuments
|
Megaliths
(Senegambian Region)
|
Circles of laterite blocks
Each 3m high
8-25 stones/circle, 10m diameter
Quarries
Y shaped stones (North-South axis)
|
Tumuli
(Senegambian Region)
|
Low earth mounds (3, 396)
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Burials
(Senegambian region)
|
3/4 of sites were burial sites
59 bodies found in single circle
89% of individuals were over 15- can tell age by teeth
|
Grave goods
|
Iron lances
Beads
Copper bracelets
Ceramics
Believe in life after death, need these items in second life- Niger Congo
|
Archaeological Evidence
(Senegambian Region)
|
Shell middens- garbage dumps of shell fish
Iron slags
Copper alloys- come from N.W means they traded with them
Anklets
|
Importance of Megaliths of Senegambia
|
1. Refutes the idea of Egypto-hamithic origin of complex societies in W. Africa
2. Evidence of social stratification- based on grave goods
3. Evidence of trade and contact with different polities (society)
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Ascribed Status
|
Status reflects what one is buried with. Children usually have same status as parents so will have goods by them as well
|
Touba |
Muslims known as Mouride Brothers. Go to Touba instead of Mecca. Want to be buried here when they die, since have to be buried within 24hours cemetery gets full, bury people on top of one another
|
Islam |
Submission to God or Allah
|
Muhammad
|
Last Prophet
Orphan, lived with uncle who was a trader
Saw visions, revelations of God
|
Ramadan |
Fast and pray for a month
|
Hijra
|
Flight to Al Medina
|
Al Medina
|
Where Muhammad fled, home of the prophet
Trained and raised an army then went back to Mecca
|
Quran |
Revelation of Allah
Muslim Holy Book
Describes who God is
Things you can do to relate to Allah
Book of Law- marriage, divorce, etc.
Regulating food habits- no pork, can't drink alcohol
|
Why Islam was Successful in Africa
|
Jihad-Holy war
5 pillars
Tolerance of African traditions- polygamy
Muslim clerics-spread religion
Traders-spread religion
Rulers became Muslim
|
5 Pillars
|
Pray 5 times a day, face Mecca
Give arms to poor, be generous
Make pilgrimage to Mecca
Acknowledge Allah as only God
During Ramadan must fast
|
Positive Impacts of Islam on Africa
|
Political- Unity among diverse community
Muslim administration, justice, taxation, same throughout
Hajj- Pilgrimage, exchange ideas
|
Negative Impacts of Islam on Africa
|
Instability- brought wars
|
How did Ghana develop?
|
1. Population Growth
2. Inter-regional trade
3. Location-Edge of Sahara
4. Tribute-Conquered others to get money
5. Large Army
|
Social and Political Organization of Ancient Ghana
|
Divine King- have religious power
Matrilineal
Council of ministers
Administration of justice- King traveled to settle disputes
Royal town, vassal states, foreigners town
Religion- believed in supreme being and territorial spirits, ancestors important
|
Reasons for the fall of Ancient Ghana
|
1. Size of Kingdom- back too large
2. Islam- divided traditional religion and this new religion
3. Sumanguru Kante (Susu King) fought rulers of Ancient Ghana and took over the kingdom
|
Sumanguru Kante
(Ancient Mali)
|
Wicked ruler
Overtaxed people & took their property
Killed all but one prince in Ancient Mali, saw them as a threat
|
Sundiata
(Ancient Mali)
|
One prince Sumanguru didn't kill because physically challenged
His mom had spiritual powers
Both fled, he became strong, and formed army
|
Battle of Kirina 1235
(Ancient Mali)
|
Sundiata defeated Sumanguru, and expanded the kingdom and made Niani capital
|
Reasons for growth of Ancient Mali
|
1. Location
2. Near Gold mines
3. Trade
4. Islam
|
Caste System
(Ancient Mali)
|
Everyone is classified by profession of their ancestors
Ex. Fishermen
|
Mansa Musa
(Ancient Mali)
|
Brought unity and stability
Professional army
Improved administration
National Honors of Pants
Hajj
External Relations
|
National Honors of Pants
(Ancient Mali)
|
Every year best administrator is chosen, given special pair of pants
|
Reasons for the fall of Ancient Mali
|
1. Instability- disputes made kingdom weak
2. Foreign invaders- Mossi(South) Songhai (East) Tuaregs (Northwest)
|
Swahili Corridor
(Eastern Coast)
|
Northernmost- Mogadishu
Southernmost-River Zambezi
Islands: Lamu Archipelago, Mafia, Kilwa, Comoro, Madagascar
|
Sources of Swahili Civilizations
|
Roman official: Wrote about people, traders, ports, environment, all in book called Periplus of Erythraean Sea
Arab writer: Ibn Battuta- Said Kilwas most beautiful city, important bc well traveled
Oral Traditions: Kilwa (Swahili people transcribed by Portuguese) Lamu (transcribed in Arabic)
|
Indian Ocean Trade
(Swahili)
|
Swahili Corridor resources: ivory, tortoiseshells, ambergris(found in stomach of whale- perfume) fruits, gold
India,China & Medeterranean resources: cloth, grain, spices, stoneware
Mode of Trade: Middlemen, maritime trade, dhows (small sail ships)
Trade winds: Dec-Mar (north-easternly) April-Nov (south-westerly)
|
Social Organization of Swahili
|
Small village communities
City states
Highly urbanized
Stone houses- limestone
Pop over 10,000 in some cities
Literate in Arabic- colse to Arabian Penninsula
Islam
Nobles- wealthy and have property
Freeman- Professionals, trade
Slaves- owned by nobles
|
Craft Specialization of Swahili
|
Stone houses
Boat building
Weaving
Salt making
Carving- Christian icons
Bead making- stone and clear
|
Decline of Swahili Civilization
|
Arrival of Portuguese in late 15th century
Looking for way to get East so can take advantage of trade
Fought Swahili people, had big ships with canons |
Great Zimbabwe Sources
|
Archaeology
Oral tradition-Shona People
Portuguese Explorers and Traders
|
Great Zimbabwe
(Location)
|
River Limpopo(Southern boundary)
River Zambezi (Northern boundary)
Kalahari Desert (Western)
Indian Ocean (Eastern boundary)
Zimbabwe Plateau
|
Monuments of Great Zimbabwe
|
Large stone ruins
Single and multiple enclosures
Dry stone walls
Blocks of granite
Soapstone carvings
|
Carl Mauch
(Great Zimbabwe)
|
First European to see ruins
Created myth that King Soloman built temple instead of Shona people
Gertrude Caton-Thompson- Led group and discovered had nothing to do with King Soloman really built by local people.
|
Great Zimbabwe
(Environment)
|
Geologically- igneous and metamorphic rocks (granite and schists)
Savanna woodland
River systems
Cool Temps bc of high elevations
|
Great Zimbabwe
(Agriculture)
|
Livestock: goats, sheep, cattle- family wealth measured by # of cows you have
Staples: Sorghum, millet, beans, squashes
|
Great Zimbabwe
(Minerals)
|
Gold
Iron
Copper
Tin
Clay
Granite
Soapstone
|
Great Zimbabwe
(Craft Specialization)
|
Weaving
Ironworks
Pottery
Carving
Goldsmiths
|
Great Zimbabwe
(Trade)
|
Indian Ocean trade
Import Items-chinaware, glass beads, cloth, rice, ivory
|
Great Zimbabwe
(Social Organization)
|
Social inequality
Complex organizations of labor( monuments required this)
Girls used in mining- found skeletons
|
Decline of Great Zimbabwe
|
Overused land resources-overgrazing, too much cattle
Portuguese arrived, interrupted trade btwn Swahili and Zimbabwe people
|
Why Portugal was first to be involved in Africa
|
Stability
Technology: Caravel, astrolabe, quadrant
Economic: eliminate middlemen, access to markets
|
Prince Henry the Navigator
|
Prester John: Fabled African King, ruled kingdom of gold surrounded by Muslims.
Trade route to India
Lisbon(Capital of Portuegal)into trade terminal
Direct access to African gold and spices from India
|
1418
|
Madeira
|
1434
|
Cape Bojador
|
1442
|
Cape Blanco
|
1444 |
Cape Verde- W. Africa
|
1460
|
Sierra Leone
|
1470
|
El Mina- Brought lots of gold from Africans
Built trading fort here, Christopher Columbus helped
|
1475
|
1475
|
1488 |
Cape of Good Hope- Southern most tip, forced Swahili to take them to India
|
Items of Trade
|
Europe: Firearms, textiles (cloth), iron, and alcohol
Africa: Gold, gum, timber, pepper, slaves
|
How trade was conducted
|
Factories, forts, and castles
Barter: Exchanging goods for goods, $ not always involved
African middlemen: Go into central Africa, bring out goods to coast for Europeans
|
Impact of Trade
|
Shift in momentum to coastal areas
Trans-Saharan trade diminished
Swahili corridor trade came to stop
Nouveux riches- instability, new states, new powers, new religions- Christianity
|
3 Climates
Ethiopia
|
Temperate: 61 degrees, elevation= 2400m
Sub-tropical: 72 degrees, 1800-2400m
Tropical: 79 degrees below 1800
|
Ensete
|
False banana tree, roots are edible and nutrious
|
Hajj |
Pilgrimage to Mecca
|
Mullams |
missionaries- expand religion
|
Haraam
|
Sin |
What 3 rivers are in Ghana
|
Niger
Gambia
Senegal
|
Al-Idrisi
(Ghana)
|
Wrote in Arabic about Sonike- people who lived there
|
Ibn Battuta
(Mali)
|
Best known traveler, influenced by Islam, if nice to him, would write good things about them, if mean not nice
|
Griot |
Best known traveler, influenced by Islam, if nice to him, would write good things about them, if mean not nice
|
Where were gold mines in Mali?
|
Bure and Bambuk
|
How many camels did Mansa Musa bring with him on Hajj to Mecca
|
100 |
Trade Winds
(Swahili)
|
Dec- March(N-E monsoon)
April-Nov (S-W Monsoon)
|
Astrolabe
|
Tells position of high seas using stars, moon and sun
|
Prestor John
|
Fabeled king
|
Lisbon
|
Capital of Portuguel
|
1st prophet
|
Moses
|
6th prophet
|
Jesus Christ
|
Cecil Rhodes
(Zimbabwe)
|
Led group of looter to look for gold
|