63 Cards in this Set
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political frame of reference
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Understand the organization
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Unitary frame
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emphasis placed on common organizational goals, conflict rare and negative, natural prerogative of management
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Pluralist frame
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org consists of many groups w/ divergent interests, conflict = positive
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Radical Frame
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org viewed as battleground where rival forces strive for achievement of larger incompatible ends, conflict and power = reflection of larger class struggles
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role of theorist
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understand or explain organization communication phenomena
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critical approaches...
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adopt a radical frame by consider org's sites of domination
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Critical theorists tend to agree on:
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1. societal structures and processes lead to fundamental imbalances of power
2. imbalances of power cause alienation / oppression for certain social classes / groups
3. role of critical theorist = explore / uncover imbalances and bring them to attention of oppressed group
4. emancipa…
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Most IMPORTANT concept for critical theorist
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POWER
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Power: Traditional approach
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power is stable, explores how power manifests, often equate power w/ control over resources or hierarchical status in the organization
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Power: Symbological approach
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power = product of communicative interactions and relationships, very interested in process,
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Power: radical-critical approach
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explore how economic, social, communicative relationships produce/maintain org power relationships. (deep structures that produce and reproduce relationships in organizational life, inherent contradictions between "surface structure" and "deep structure")
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Power: Ideology
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assumptions of reality influence perceptions of situations and events; taken for granted assumptions about reality, shapes understanding about what exits, what is good, and what is possible
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Power: Hegemony
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maintenance of domination; dominant group leads another group to accept subordination as the norm
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Power: Emancipation
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ultimate goal of critical model, liberation, help remove control (if ppl are oppressed eventually the will rise up)
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Power: Resistance
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how we push back against the exertions of power (elizabeth lauren runs for prez wants to make school cheaper, we keep power by making school more expensive) {boycotts, strikes}
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Concertive control
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how power relationships can be transformed in era of team based organizations; shifts from management to workers
1. control
2. identification
3. discipline
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Concertive Control: Control
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simple control: direct and authoritarian exertion of control
Technological control: control through tech workplace processes (assembly lines, comp programs)
Bureaucratic control: hierarchical structure and rational-legal rules
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Concertive Control: Identification
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perception of belongingness;individual identifies w. values of org. and will act in accordance
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Concertive Control: Discipline
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punish deviant behavior and reward/ reinforce good behavior, group rewards, punish conforming,
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feminist theories
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de-enforce patriarchy, concepts used to understand organization are male biased, women in organizations can become marginalized in org life bc of dynamics of gender relationships in patriarchal org's
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tokenism
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promotion of a few women into highly visible positions
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liberal feminist
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remedies should come from w/in system and women should work to gain fair share of control
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radical feminist
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emancipation for women must occur through destruction of male-dominated institutions, or total separation of women from these institutions
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Standpoint feminist
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work to enhance opportunity for variety of voices to be hard w/in societal dialogue
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postmodern feminist
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deconstruct male dominated meaning systems in order to highlight wome's perspectives
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Assimilation
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ongoing behavioral and cognitive processes which individuals join, become integrated, and exit organizations
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Phases of socialization
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anticipatory
encounter metamorphosis
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Anticipatory
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before individual enters organization; learn about work, learn about specific jobs and responsibilities, learn about organization
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encounter
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new employee first encounters life on job, sense-making, learn new role, training org or mentor programs = less likely to have employee turnover, formal mentor = assigned, informal = i want this person
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metamorphosis
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made transition from outsider to insider, learn new behaviors and modify existing ones, learn norms
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2 classes grasped during socialization
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role related (encompasses info, skills procedures, rules perform on job)
organizational culture (cultural norms, memorable messages)
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main function of employment interview
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recruiting and screening potential employees
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Interview as screening tool
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asses person job fit, ensure sufficient knowledge, skills, abilities, structured, cue applicants about appropriate responses, variability in content
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interview as info-gathering tool
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ensure match between employer and employee
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interview as tool for socialization
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realistic job previews; provided with realistic depiction of job they are less likely to be disappointed--> reduce turnover
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Leader Member Exchange
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role developed by organizational member through social exchange process with leader; divides role development into 3 phases
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Role Taking
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first phase; leader requests a variety of activities from member to discover relevant talents; leader gives you task and you do it
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Role Making
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second; negotiation process where subordinate and superior exchange resources, member seeks to modify role, each party seen as valuable
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Role routinization
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third; role of subordinate and expected behavior of supervisor are well understood, established relationship, continuum from in-group to out-group
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In group
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high trust, mutual influence, high rewards, support and latitude in task development
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Out group
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low trust, formal authority, low rewards, support and tasks based on job description
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organizational exit
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process not an event
focus on those who leave and those remaining
profound effect on families (financial strain, control anger at home)
communication
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Grier and Tollison found
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rookie draft helps losing teams win more
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Normative Model
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identify problem/formulation
define problem/development (generate alternative ways for dealing with problem)
seek relevant info/detailing (pros and cons, test workability)
evaluate alternative solutions/evaluation (weigh costs and benefits)
implementation/ decide on solution
ideal 6t…
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Irrationality
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optimizing
satisficing
bounded rationality
intuitive process
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Optimizing
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attempting to find single best solution (illusion of win-win)
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Satisficing
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solution work well enough for dealing with situation, false dichotomy of acceptable compromise, not what you want but not bad
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bounded rationality
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can't be all knowing, nor always perfectly logical, don't always have time/resources/capability to contribute to problem
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Intuitive process
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feel it in your gut, sometimes your intuition is bounded, not logical or illogical
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analogical decision making
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manager faced with making decision will consider what has worked in similar situations in past
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Groupthink
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decision making group exerts pressure on individuals to conform to group norms
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Symptoms of group think
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illusion of invulnerability
illusion of morality
stereotyping
self-censorship
illusion of unanimity
direct pressure of dissidents
reliance on self-appointed mind guards
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illusion of invulnerability
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we must succeed bc we are a group; nothing can go wrong
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illusion of morality
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what we are doing is right, and if it is right it must be good
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stereotyping
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categorizing of others outside the group in ways that see their views as unacceptable
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self-censorship
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fear of outcome, restraint of members against offering opinions counter to prevailing though
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illusion of unanimity
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bandwagon effect, everyone is doing it, agreement with private doubts suppressed
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direct pressure on dissidents
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group members behave and think in similar ways, those who take different pop are told their idea is wrong, pressure put on by boss
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reliance on self appointed mind guards
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protection from contrary info from outside influences, should just be lateral
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orientation
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group members become acquainted with each other and problem at hand
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emergence
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arrive at some level of consensus
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conflict
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possible solutions to problem are debated
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reinforcement
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decision supported
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COM 229: EXAM 2