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COM 160: TEST 2
The postal Act of 1879
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permitted mailing magazines at cheap second-class postage rates, and the spread of the railroad, which carried people and publications westward from the East Coast, were two others.
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Why/How magazines increased their readership in the late 1900s
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-WW2 changed readers (more hip)
-woman had more money to spend because they were working now
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Early Colonial Magazines
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-British material
-Expensive
-Aimed at a small number of literate colonists
-Interested in short stories, poetry, social commentary, and essays
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Why early colonial magazine readership was low
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Magazines were expensive, as was postage. Not many people were literate
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What muckrakers were (and the famous ones mentioned in your text and what they did).
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Magazine journalism attracted reporters looking for striking content that would appeal to mass audiences
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trade magazine
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publication that targets a specific industry or profession
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split run magazine
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special versions of a given issue in which editorial content and ads vary according to some specific demographic or regional grouping.
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controlled circulation
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split run magazine
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pass along
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Reading magazines given to you by others
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magazine circulation
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subscribers, single/shelf, pass-a-long, comps
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How magazine circulation is calculated
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Magazine circulation comes in the form of subscription, single-copy sales, and controlled circulation.
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Strengths and Limitations of Online Magazines
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Strengths
-Offers online- only content
-Instant feedback
-Competition
Limitations
-People pay more attention to hard copies
-Loyalty to hard copies
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The most important thing I asked you to take from lecture.
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advertisers influence magazine content
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Marconi’s contributions
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Guglielmo Marconi's radio allowed long-distance wireless communication
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DeForest’s contributions
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invented the audion tube, a vacuum tube that improved and amplified wireless signals.
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Edison’s contributions
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Edison developed the first sound-recording device, a fact now in debate; Emile Berliner's gramophone improved on it as it permitted multiple copies to be made from a master recording.
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Berliner’s contributions
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· In 1887 that problem was solved by German immigrant Emile Berliner, whose gramophone used a flat, rotating, wax-coated disc that could easily be copied or pressed from a metal master.
· Two equally important Berliner contributions were development of a sophisticated microphone and later (through his company, RCA Victor Records) the import from Europe of recordings by famous opera stars.
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What the audion tube does and why it’s important
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a vacuum tube that improved and amplified wireless signals.
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What are strengths and limitations of AM and FM?
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Strengths- FM signals are wider. AM signals travel further
Limitations- AM serves fewer listeners. Many FM stations are noncommercial
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Why format radio started
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-to keep up with the times
-specific type of station
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Why the govt originally created RCA (and what it stands for)
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-Stands for RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA
-avoided direct government control of the new medium
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Radio act of 1912
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regulated the industry, people had to be operating at all times to avoid another titanic
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Radio act of 1927
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radio belongs to public, broadcasters were only caretakers, not everyone could get a license
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Radio Act of 1910
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Required anyone using a radio transmitted to seek and be assigned a license and a frequency or range of frequency.
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What affiliates are
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a broadcasting station that aligns itself with a network
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Who was the first radio network?
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AT&T: to keep it from becoming a monopoly, it sold oud to RCA, and acted as a transmission medium to all radio networks on equal basis.
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What was the difference between 33-1/3, 45, and 78 rpm records?
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The 33-1/3 rpm had about 20 minutes of music on each side of the record which was an improvement over the 3 to 4 minutes of music on the 78 rpm records. Then the 45 rpm record featured a quarter sized hole and invigorated the sales of songs
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Napster |
digital revolution that allowed illegal download of music - lasted two years before shut down
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open source
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programs code is freely available to anyone
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What Bitcasting is
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file-sharing software that allows users to create “swarms” of data as they simultaneously download and upload “bits” of a given piece of content
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Three major recording companies and how much they control
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Universial Music 36%
Sony 23%
Warner Music 15%
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What you learned from lecture about early rock and roll music
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-came from R and B
-extremely racy
-there was a british invasion
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What is Theory?
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A theory is an example/explanation that integrates principles and organize and predict behavior or events
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limited effects theory/ mass society theory
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mass society theory: reverts back to when a new form of media is first introduced, instilling competiton, functional displacement and adaptation
Limited - media's effects on society is limited due to "filtering of the info and stopped by variety of intervening variables
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What the War of The Worlds did / why it was significant to media effects research
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-people believed it
-showed media effects everyone differently
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Hypodermic Needle
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Targeting unsuspecting audience members or injecting them with a message through the media
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Symbolic interactionism and the ideas in it
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the idea that people give meaning to symbols and then those symbols control people's behavior in their presence
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Reinforcement theory
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Joseph Klapper's idea that if media have any impact at all, it is in the direction of reinforcement
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Dependency theory
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idea that media's power is a function of audience members' dependency on the media and their content
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Observational learning
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Observers can acquire (learn) new behaviors simply by seeing those behaviors performed. Many of us who have never fired a handgun can do so because we've seen it done.
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Inhibitory effects
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Seeing a model, a movie character, for example, punished for a behavior reduces the likelihood that the observer will perform that behavior. In the media we see Good Samaritans sued for trying to help someone, and it reduces our willingness to help in similar situations. That behavior is inhibited by what we've seen.
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Disinhibitory effects
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Seeing a model rewarded for prohibited or threatening behavior increases the likelihood that the observer will perform that behavior. This, for example, is the basis for complaints against the glorification of crime and drugs in movies. Behaviors that people might not otherwise make, those that are inhibited, now become more likely to occur. The behaviors are disinhibited.
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Cultural theory (know very, very generally)
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the idea that meaning and therefore effects are negotiated by media and audiences as they interact in the culture
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Cultivation analysis
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research designed to find support for the notion that those who spend more time watching TV are more likely to see the "real world" through TV lense.
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Critical-cultural theories (know very, very generally)
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idea that media operate primarily to justify and support the status quo at the expense of ordinary people
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Neo-Marxist theories (know very, very generally)
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the theory that people are oppressed by those who control the culture, the superstructure, as opposed to the base
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News Production Research
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An awareness of the impact of media on individuals and society is an important component of media literacy, and as you've read, news production research suggests that media do indeed have a powerful effect on people and culture.
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