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ART 155: EXAM 4
Theodosius I
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Byzantine emperor, christianity was adopted as the official religion of the roman empire, last emperor to rule over both easter and western sections of the roman empire
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380 AD
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Theodosius I proclaims christianity as the religion of the empire |
391 AD
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Pagan religion is banned under Theodosius
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393 AD
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Theodosius I ends the olympics
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visigothic invasion of Europe
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Invasion of non christian barbarians that took over the roman empire from the east to the west. the romans lost nearly all of western Europe to the invasion
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Justinian |
Byzantine emperor that took power after Theodosius.
Immediately tried to take over parts of the roman empire (got everything up to Ravenna).
Ravenna was the ostrogoths capital and was made the roman capital symbolizing the romans over powering the ostrogoths.
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San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy, 526-547.
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-Byzantium church made by Justinian,
-A local saint was chosen to be the name of this church to glorify the town
- centrally planned church
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Apse mosiac, San vitale
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-dressed in purple because that is what royalty/emporors wear
-sitting on the world
Byzantine
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Justinian Mosaic
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San Vitale, Ravenna
Early Byzantine
-halo: godlike origin and status
-overlapping maximianus and Justinian: imperial and churchly powers in balance
- he was depicted in this mosaic with the halo because he was never going to make it to the church, Justinian never made it to Ravenna.
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Chi Rho
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Chi Rho; Cristo
Monogram of the christian god
in the mosaic it shows
Justinian as a wholly/christian leader
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Hagia Sophia, Byzantine church Istanbul, Turkey
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o Mathematician and physicist to build the church
o Dome fell three times
o Basilica plan(Massive domed, Large open spaces)
Byzantine church that was converted to a mosque
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Significance of the Hagia Sophia interior
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the building was created to contain a massive amount of light because of the "Mysticism of light" (Pseudo-Dionysus “Light come from the good and light is the visual image of god”)
Large and numerous windows and reflective gold mosaic achieve this.
Byzantine
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Pendentive VS Squinch dome
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Pendentive: curved triangle of vaulting formed by intersection of a dome with supporting arches (used in Hagia sophia)
Squinch: filling in from a square base with a regular dome
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Ravenna |
was one of the capitals of the roman empire
when it was divided into 4 sections, was taken over by the Ostrogoth’s, later to be taken back by Justinian and made the capital once again.
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Theodora |
carrying the chalice of wine in the San Vitale in Ravenna Italy
· Was depicted as outside so that she would not be in the church to be dammed
shouldn't have been an empress because:
· born a prostitute, was not of nobel birth
· she spent time with Justinian and he fell in love with her, these marriages were considered illegal
Byzantine, in the church of san vitale
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Justinianas Conquer
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· Byzantine (AD 525 – 550)
· Ivory, 13 ½ x 10 ½ in
· Portrait w/ Justinian in middle
o Wearing cuirass
o Woman is holding foot – begging represents “clemency” i.e. Justinian is forgiving, accommodative
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The Crucifixion and Iconoclasts from the Khludov Psalter
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· Byzantine (after AD 843)
· “Tempera en Vellum”
· Made by pro-icon supporter
· Painter compares Iconoclasm with Roman guards rubbing vinegar in Jesus’s wounds
· Icons come back b/c iconoclasts lose power
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Icon of the Virgin & Child
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· Between Saints Theodore, George
· Theotokos – “one who bore God in the womb”
· Encaustic on wood
· Monastery of St. Catherine
· Mt. Sinai, Egypt
o In this period, no longer effort on making art naturalistic
o Mary is the “intercessor” during this period – have to pray to Mary, not Jesus directly
Byzantine
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Christ, the Savior (Pantokrator)
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· Icon, Encaustic on wood
· Monastery of St. Catherine
· Mt. Sinai, Egypt
· Survives because it is encaustic, in a dry basement
· Artists deliberately make Jesus have an asymmetrical face because artists of the time period do not believe they can make a representation of perfection (which Jesus represented)
- Byzantine
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St. Mark’s Cathedral
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· Venice, Italy
· Byzantine (began AD 1063)
o Central plan, 3 domes, similar windows to Hagia Sophia
o Glorious church b/c St. Mark buried there
o Floors are spoliated from Roman temples
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Apse |
placed near an alter, where the main event happens. Is normally semi circular and vaulted
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Theotokos (“bearer of god”)
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The Virgin Mary who bore Jesus
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Icon
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Image of Jesus or other religious figure, usually in the home of Romans. Was challenged because of the commandment which stated “Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image”
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Iconoclasm
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“image breaker” – the people who sought to get rid of all icons
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Encaustic
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type of painting using beeswax as a binder (with powdered paint), which suspended the pigment and allows it to stay preserved for a very long time |
5 basic tenants that effects the Islamic art/architecture
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· Profession of faith
· Prayer – effects architecture
o Pray facing to mecca 5 times a day
· Alms giving – giving a portion of your earnings to the poor
· Fast during Ramadan
· Pilgrimage – all followers of Muslim should go to Mecca
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Calligraphy |
was not allowed to use human figures in muslamic art because then people would worship the Idols. Was one outlet of expression. Calligraphy became very complex and ornate
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Mosque |
place of worship
Inside of every mosque
· Foot washing station (clean hands, face and feet), covered in Persian rugs because you are supposed to remove your shoes and are supposed to get on the floor and pray, Qibla, Mihrab, Mirabar
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Minarets |
when someone stands on the top of the Minarets to announce the time of prayer 5 times a day, normally taller than everything else
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Hypostyle |
literally translates to "Many columns"
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Hypostyle Mosque
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· Based off of Mohamed’s home in medina
· Hypostyle – many columns
· Needs to be able to hold the entire male population of the town
· Focus is on open communal space not directed focus to an alter or a priest.
There are no priests, the focus need to be on the community and not the “Idols”
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Qibla |
part of a mosque (wall), translates to direction, it faces the direction of Mecca
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Mihrab |
on the wall of the Qibla. Put on the exact direction of mecca.
Islamic
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Mirabar |
simple pulpit for Friday discussion (more like a discussion not a sermon)
Islamic
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Abbasid Qur’an from Tunisia, Islamic
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Ink, color, gold, and silver on blue died vellium
· Written in Kifi script
· Gold
· Paper made from animal pelt, and dyed purple (expensive)
Islamic
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Dome of the Rock Jerusalem (687- 692)
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· Centrally planned, used in Byzantine world
· The place where Adam was buried
· Where Mohamed rose to heaven
· Has an enclosed area of exposed rock, which is why it is called the dome of the rock because it is a dome over the holy space of rock
· Cannot have images of Mohamed or figures so that it has lines from the Qur’an, decorated from geometric and vegetable patterns
Islamic
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Mina’I dish with story of Bahram Gur and Azadeh, from Iran
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· Not religious so it can have figures
· Composite narrative
The story
o A prince who has many prostitutes and concubines
o Azadeh is his favorite concubine go on a hunt
o Bahram kills a gazelle and Azadeh is upset, so bahram throws her off the camel and tramples her with the camel
· Calligraphy is used on the inside and outside of the bowl to tell the story again
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Composite narrative
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when you show multiple scenes from a story all at once
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Yahya ibn Mahmud al-Wasiti, Scene in an Arab Village, from Maqamat
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· Calligraphy is very important in book decorating
· Most famous illustrator of manuscripts in that day and age
· You see a composite idea of everything squished together.
· Scene of everyday life
· Layered, textured and has multiple points of focus
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Sanguszko figural-design carpet, from Iran
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· Carpet
· Figural design carpet so it would not have been in use in a mosque
· Vegetable Anamal and human interwoven very closely both in the cloth but also in the design
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Purse Cover, from the Sutton Hoo ship burial
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· 7 ½ inches long
· early medieval
· gold class, and enamel cloisonné with garnets and emeralds
· Silver and gold comes from Byzantium ( far imported)
· Gemstones and whatnot were mined
· Very expensive form of art
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Animal head-post from Viking ship burial
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· Early medieval (c. 845)
· Wood head approx. 5” high
· Oseberg Norway
· Decorative piece that would be attached to the side of the boat, hand posts maybe?
· Interwoven design throughout the animal head posts
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Equestrian Statue of a Carolingian Ruler (Charles the Bald?)
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· Belived to be Charles the bald
· 9 ½ inches tall
· bronze pouring has been nearly lost since romans to now
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Book of Durrow, Page with Man (Symbol of Saint Matthew)
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· one of the oldest surviving books
· Found in the middle ages in the city of duro
· Contains the 4 Evangelists (matthew mark luke and john) usually had a carpet page that would divide them
o Symbols that would represent them: Matthew (man angel) _______(ox), mark (Lion), _______(eagle)
§
Way to inform the illiterate about what is in the book
· Interlaces woven patterns
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Provenance |
the story of a piece of art after it is created
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Lindisfarne Gospels, Cross and Carpet Page, Matthew (author portrait and carpet page)
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· Books named after the location it was found/where it was made
· Made from calf skin
· Contains a colophon (page of the book that contains the information about the book) that’s how we know
· This is a carpet page
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Most well known and revered carpet page of this book
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Page with Matthew from the Lindisfarne Gospels
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( is a carpet page, not an image from the story, but an image of the creation of the story)
o “I mage of the man, The saint Matthew”
o The horn looking thing serves the purpose of showing the direct communication with the divine
· Story of the gospels,
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They are writing the stories out of divine inspiration
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Book of Kells, Chi Rho Iota page
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· most precious because it is the most lavish
· Unprecedented number of decorated pages
· Chi rho (Christ) Iota
o H generatio – Christi autem generatio (this is how the birth of Christ came about)First mention of Christ’s name in the entire bible
· Not a carpet page
· circles and swirls to the interlaced patterns, figures, image of the angel is considered Matthew all to ward off evil.
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Barbarians |
· Tribes of social groups that take over western Europe
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Sutton Hoo
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· Barbarian tribe
· In Suffolk England
o Key archeological area (Burial ground)
o In Anglo-sexton belief there was an afterlife, in order to reach it you would have been placed in a boat and launched them out to sea.
· Status symbols – small things that Anglo-Sexton would carry on their person,
o the only remnants of this culture because they are nomads, and therefore don’t have architecture
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Carolingian
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- saw themselves as reincarnating themselves as the roman empire
· Charlemagne – unites with the pope, is also considered a very important portion of Carolingian culture
· Because they have created a home base there are more artifacts from this area
· Christianity grew because it is in a poor area where they are constantly in threat of death, because it offers salvation of death
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Vellum / Parchment
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animal skin paper, for the books made in the scriptoria
· Because animal skin is so thick the length of your book would be decided by the size of the book
The books were extremely lavish and expensive, normally only the elite would own them or churches (majority of the population couldn’t read)
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Hiberno-Saxon, or Insular
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Ireland, Hybernia is the roman name for the area that we now call Ireland.
· Saxton for the groups that took it over
· Hiberno saxtion/ Insular is the name of the books that were created in that area
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Scriptoria |
places inside of monasteries where books were made, all of the phases (making paper, writing, decorating, forming the book)
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Carpet pages
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a page in a manuscript (religious and otherwise) that is dedicated solely to decoration, no words are on the page. Not a depiction of the story, separated from the text/context of the book
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Apotopaic |
warders off of evil
The interwoven patterns in the book would ward off evil spirits from the book, it would confuse them
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Colophon |
– book data – page at the front of the book that gives information about the manufacturer
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Equestrian Statue of a Carolingian Ruler (Charles the Bald?)
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· Believed to be Charles the bald
· 9 ½ inches tall
· bronze pouring has been nearly lost since romans to now
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Why so many churches? (medieval time period)
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- the movement into towns and cities created a demand for more urban churches (as opposed to the remote monasteries of the early medieval period)
- there was also a widely felt relief and thanks giving that the conclusion of the first millennium in the year 1000 had not brought an end to the world, as many had feared.
- There was a major increase in pilgrimages In order to both draw and host the faithful towns built ever-grander churches
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Romanesque architecture is characterized by…?
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- thick heavy walls which support stone roofs
- a blocky, earthbound appearance (heavy looking)
- Large, simple geometric masses
- The exterior reflects the interior structure and organization
- Interiors tend to be really dark because of the massive walls that dictate small windows
- Growing sophistication in vaulting to span the large spaces – barrel vaults, groin vaults, rib vaults
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Gothic
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“monstrous: - doesn’t start at specific time – slow change
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“The Great Schism"
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2 popes simultaneously, Catholic church divided (France Pope vs. Rome Pope)
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Gothic architecture characterized by:
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,Pointed arches – higher and wider vaults (higher church = closer to God)
o Same technology as rounded arch – center stone with differently-shaped cornerstone, taller
· Less concern for pilgrim accommodation, more concern for the spiritual experience of visitors
· Great interest in light and windows, resulting in less structurally sound walls (flying buttresses)
Stained glass windows (lux nova, neoplatonic ascent)
· Orientation to the East (Jerusalem)
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Tympanum |
part of the medieval portal, sculpture piece in the doorway
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Archivolt
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archway above portal
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Door Jambs (Jamb Figures)
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vertical portion of frame on which door is secured
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Groin vault
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is when you take one barrel vault is where two different barrel vaults that meet (intersect)
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Cult of Relics
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Worship of relics (elements of saints’ lives)
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Reliquary
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boxes that were made to contain the relics
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Pilgrimage
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traveling to religious location, Churches change to attract pilgrims and their money
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Radiating chapels
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contains the relics, you can have access to the relics without disrupting the sanctity of the church
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Bay |
the unit of the measurement that the entire church is based off of
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Crossing |
is the area in a church where the center of the church structure has the shape of a cross, normally has the most important part of the church. Normally a tower
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Compound Piers
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in groin vault, a big trunk inside of a building, technically a pier with stuff on it. “Fancy” Pier
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Half Columns (Engaged Columns)
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a Colum that is sliced down the middle, has no architectural value only for looks
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Abbot Suger
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French statesman, humble monk who becomes very well-connected w/ kings (Louis VI and Louis VII)
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Lux nova
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– beautiful transformed light, a new light, the light of god. In the experience of this light you should experience neo plutonic, understand god and that relationship.
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Buttresses |
– reinforce a thinner wall where the stress from the ceiling will be placed
Side aisles become fancier as a result of buttress support structure
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Tracery |
stone used to hold together the stained glass windows
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Rose Window
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– big round window features, stone (tracery) used to hold together the stained glass window
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Royal Portal
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the royal portal is the doorway that is lined by previous rulers, it is called that because of the rulers
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Rayonnant (radiant) style
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sub style of gothic, Means in French “to radiate”, the design looks like the design radiates outwards from a central point
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Flamboyant style
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– because they saw the tracery within the rose window as flames leaping outwards
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Cathedral, Baptistery, Leaning Tower (Piazza dei Miracoli), Pisa, Italy
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· Exterior columns another example of incrustation
· Technically, shaped like banana and is turning, not leaning
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South Portal of Saint-Pierre, Moissac, France Romanesque (ca 1115-1135)
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Very similar In intent to early Christian period
o Didactic sculpture – sculpture to teach something, meant for illiterate people
o Three terms- Portal, Archivolt, Door jambs
o Who is in portal image? Jesus – how do I know
§ “Almond shape” around him, Halo, Image of judgment day
o Lions in image – lions are the “best protectors of church” Slept with eyes open
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Saint-Étienne, Vignory, France
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· Vignory, France, 1050-1057
· The massive structure was to attract pilgrims to this place
· Compare to Santa Sabina
· Name is the same
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St. Sernin, Toulouse, France
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· 9 radiating chapels
· stone roof, Had enterprising bishop
· “Pilgrimage church” – built specifically for pilgrims
· Radiating chapels / APSE / Crossing / 1 Bay / Nave
· Circumambulatory aisle – to walk around
· Bay – the unit of measurement for the entire church
· Few windows to hold up stone roofing
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Saint-Étienne, Caen, France (Normandy)
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· moved towers over the entrances
· took 3 decades to build
· the most complex roofing structure
· sex partied vault, 3 barrel vaults connecting
o the intersections are highlighted on the outside –ribbing- to draw attention to it
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Saint-Denis, France
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· King to Abbot Suger à We need new church; Abbot Suger in charge; Abbot Suger had a “long leash” with what he wanted to do with building
· Stained glass – supposed to mimic “heaven” – churches should not be “humble” (poor) but rather “extravagant”
· In church, should have “neoplatonic” experience
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Notre Dame, Paris, France
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Gothic
· Nave and flying buttresses, ca. 1180-1200
· Remodeled after 1225
· Located on island; rather than located in dense urban environment, but church has garden and surrounding waterway to see sides of church
· Buttresses were getting in way of windows; Notre Dame architects step buttresses away from building, “fly” them in to hit where they are needed
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Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France
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Gothic
· uses Rayonnant style
· gothic
· largest churches in France, height
· two layers of flying buttresses
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Sainte-Chapelle, Paris, France
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· consists of just an apse due to lack of space
· this was built because the most expensive relic was in his ownership (three thorns from the crown of thorns)
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Mysticism of light
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Pseudo-Dionysus “Light come from the good and light is the visual image of god”
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Exedra (exedrae)
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a room (as in a temple or house) in ancient Greece and Rome used for conversation and formed by an open or columned recess often semicircular in shape and furnished with seats
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Kufic |
a very complex from of calligraphy to make artwork beautiful. The words become art
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Cloisonné
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· Mix between mosaic and stained glass,
· Small scale
· They would take strips of gold to create designs, that have spaces that they would pour powdered glass, garnets and emeralds, melt it to create a gem like substance
· Very expensive and sophisticated
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Cloisons |
the actuall barriers in the Cloisonné
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Anglo-Saxon
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two tribes in England that eventually became one
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Portal
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a fancy word for big door/doorway. There are usually three, one in the front and one on each side of the church
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Piazza Dei Miracoli
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Created by- Busketo
Period/Movement- Romanesque
Location- Pisa,Tuscany, Italy
Patron- Unknown
Material/Technique (media)- marble, stone
Consists of the cathedral, the baptistry and the leaning tower of pisa.
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Baptistery
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where baptisms happen, sometimes is a separate building than the church (almost always the case in Italy) baptisms are important because not only did it mean that the child was apart the church, but he/she becomes a citizen as well
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Incrustation
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decorating the outside of the church with colored marble, this is the major trend in this time period
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Evangelist symbols
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Matthew: Man
Mark: lion
Luke: Ox
John: Eagle
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Barrel vault
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Long tube archway
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Feudal System
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system of government where the land owners have control of the surfs. Good for landlords. Bad for everyone else
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Clerestory
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a part of the wall that rises above the roof and has windows
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Monastery
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Religious place where monks live. They grow food for the community, supporting the community and pray together. Not apart of the government
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Flying buttresses
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putting the buttresses away from the building to let in more light, they were able to put the buttresses where they needed them. Because of flying buttresses they were able to make large windows.
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Baptistery of San Giovanni, Florence, Italy
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· Very early Romanesque. Centrally planned. Octagonal shape. Outside covered in incrusted marble.
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Cathedral, Baptistery, Leaning Tower (Piazza dei Miracoli), Pisa, Italy
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Grass was stolen from Jerusalem- it is considered to be “holy ground.” Three separate buildings: the baptistery, the cathedral, and the bell tower (the leaning tower of Pisa). The leaning tower was built part way and then there was a war and they had to stop. When they went back to it to finish, they realized that it was leaning and so when the built the rest, they built in on a curve in the other direction, so it is in the shape of a banana. It is actually not leaning, it is turning downward.
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Mandorla |
the almond or circle shaped aura of light surrounding a holy person
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