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SOCI 1101: EXAM 2
Deviance |
a behavior, trait, belief, or other characteristic that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction.
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Characteristics of Deviance
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-Deviance is accompanied by social stigmas.
-Varies across and within societies and across situations.
-Is formal or informal.
-Perceptions of deviance can change over time.
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Social Stratification
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the division of groups arranged in a social hierarchy.
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Social Inequality
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the unequal distribution of wealth, power, or prestige among members of society.
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Open stratification system
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a system based on individual achievement and allows movement up or down the hierarchy.(social mobility)
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Closed stratification system
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movement up or down the hierarchy is limited by ascribed status.
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Social mobility
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Allows movement up and down the hierarchy.
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Social Class Division in the US
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-upper class 1%
-middle class 40%
-upper middle 14%
-lower middle 30%
-working(lower middle) class 30%
-working poor 20%
-the underclass 5%
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Wealth |
an abundance of economic assets and material possessions that a person or family owns, including property and income.
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Black wealth vs White wealth
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Blacks have $8-$19 of wealth for every $100 that whites possess.
-White households possess nearly 10 times as much mean net financial assets as black households.
-Black families held less than one-half the wealth of whites in similar income brackets.
-Poverty level whites control nearly as many mean net financial assets as the highest-earning blacks.
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Power |
the ability of individuals or groups to achieve goals, control events, and maintain influence over others despite opposition.
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Power is Based on
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-Social Class
-Custom/Tradition
-Charisma
-Particular Occupations
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The Poverty Line
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(Poverty Threshold) The minimal level of income (pre-tax) that the federal government considers necessary for basic subsistence.
People who fall at or below this line are considered "at poverty"
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Supplemental Poverty Line
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Attempts to address the criticisms of the Poverty Line.
-Takes into account: housing, food, clothing, utilities, and other needs such as transportation, personal care items, etc. as well as public assistance benefits.
(Criticized for not being a relative poverty measure.)
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Everyday class consciousness
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awareness of our own and others' social statuses.
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Race |
A socially constructed category based an real or perceived biological differences between groups of people.
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Harris: How Skins got their color
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Melanin
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Melanin |
The pigment that gives skin its color
Primary Function- to protect the skin from sun damage, which can cause sunburn/skin cancer.
-Without vitamin D, death would come from rickets and osteomalacia. Therefore the color of a human's skin represents a trade off between the hazards of too much or too little solar radiation.
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Cultural Selection
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the selection of certain cultural traits that will improve the survival of society, also played a role in skin color around the world.
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How Does the US Define Race
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Population estimates use the race categories mandated by the OMB
-White
African American
Asian American
Native American
Other - two or more races
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One Drop Rule
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Belief that one drop of black blood makes a person black.
-White is seen as "pure" category; any other racial intermixture is seen as "non white"
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Hypo-decent
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this rule requires Americans to believe that anyone who is known to have had an African(black) ancestor is considered black.
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When did Jews become white folks
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Those who were once marginalized became "whitened" after WWII and certain governmental programs :
GI Bill of Rights,FHA Mortgages,VA Mortgages.
-Jews and other white ethnics upward mobility was the result of programs that allowed individuals to float on a rising economic tide.
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Ethnicity
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a socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history, or another cultural factor.
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Symbolic Ethnicity
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an ethnic identity that is only relevant on specific occasions and does not significantly impact everyday life.
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Situational Ethnicity
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ethnic identity that can be either displayed or concealed depending on its usefulness in a given situation.
(Usually available to whites only)
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Hispanics in the US
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Hispanic is considered an ethnicity, not a separate race.
-Determination of Hispanic Ethnicity, according to the US government, is reliant on people's self-reports.
-Recently there has been a movement to make "Hispanic" a separate race, but Hispanics are opposed to it b/c they feel it will lose their ethnic identities.
-"Success" among Hispanics in the United States depends on a variety of factors including -- Education, English language proficiency, recency of immigration, occupation
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Hispanics in US
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Americans who identify themselves as being of Spanish-speaking background and trace their origin or descent from Mexico, Puerto Rico, Cuba, Central and South America and other spanish speaking countries.
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Racism |
a set of beliefs about the superiority of one racial or ethnic group
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Prejudice
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an idea about the characteristics of a group that is applied to all members of that group
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Discrimination
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unequal treatment of individuals based on their membership in a social group;usually motivated by prejudice.
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Individual Discrimination
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discrimination carried out systematically by institutions that affect all members of a group who come into contact with.
ex. hiring discrimination, by ghetto name, or white being chose over white.
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Post Racial Society
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race is no longer a factor in determining life chances for members of American society.
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Colorblind Ideology
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the racial ideology that posits the best way to end discrimination is by treating individuals as equally as possible, without regard to race, culture,ethnicity.
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White Privilege
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A right, advantage or immunity granted to or enjoyed by white persons beyond the common advantage of all others; an exemption in many particular cases from certain burdens or liabilities.
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Sex
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a determination made through the application of socially agreed upon biological criteria for classifying people as females versus males.
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Sex Category
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categorization of a person by the socially required identificatory displays of male or female.
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Gender |
learned attitudes that characterize women and men.
Conducting oneself in accordance with one's sex category.
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Gender identity
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perception of one's self as either male or females.
ex)gender reveal baby showers
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Gender Roles
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the characteristic, attitudes, feelings and behaviors that society experts from females and males.
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Gender Stereotypes
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expectations about how people will look,act, think, and feel based on their sex.
ex. all girls have attitude problems, all men cheat
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Doing Gender
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Gender is a performance, however it is not enough to act like a man or woman.
-You must be perceived as a man or woman by others; this is accountability.
-Gender is a learned and reinforced behavior, but "doing gender" makes the differences between men and women seem natural.
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Tannen : Men and Women in Conversation
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Women often complain that men do not talk to them at home, but talk in public.
Men often complain that women talk too much.
Women=rapport talk
Men=report talk
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Men=report talk
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talk is primarily a means to preserve independence and negotiate and maintain status in a hierarchal social order
ex. give facts not feelings, non emotional in convo
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Women=rapport talk
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a way of establishing connections and negotiating relationships.
ex. emphasize in conversation
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Sexism |
an attitude or behavior that discriminates against one sex, usually females, based on the assumed superiority of the other sex.
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Types of Subtle Sex
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-Condescending Chivalry
-Friendly Harrasment
-Subjective Objectification
-Liberated Sexism
-Considerate Domination
-Collegial Exclusion
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Theoretical Explanations of Gender Inequality
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-Symbolic Interactionsim
-Functionalism
-Conflict Theory
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Symbolic Interactionism
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gender is learned through the process of socialization
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Feminist
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women's inequality reflects historical and current domination by men
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Functionalism
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sex determines which roles men and women are best suited to
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Conflict theory
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due to the sexual division of labor males have had more access to resources and privileges.
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Gender Inequality in Education
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-Educational Performance
-Bullying
-Difference in enrollment and graduation rates
-Difference in majors
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Gender Inequality in Childhood
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Social Learning- process of learning behavior and meanings through social interaction.
-This is where kids learn gender roles and stereotypes.
-Kids are quick learners
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gender inequality in the work force
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1. women are segregated into occupations
2. women are paid less than men
3. women are less likely to occupy positions of authority and power in the workplace
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Gender Inequality in Family
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The Second Shift; Women still responsible for most of the gendered divisional labor.
-The Mommy Myth,
-Today 70% of married mothers are in the workplace.
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Media
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Socializes and reinforces gender roles and stereotypes.
-Women & Men in the media.
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Sexuality
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the character or quality of being sexual
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Sexual Orientation
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the inclination to feel sexual desire toward people of a particular gender or both genders.
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Heterosexual
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sexual desire for the other gender
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Homosexuality
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sexual desire for the same gender
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Bisexuality
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sexual desire for all genders
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Asexual |
involves the lack of sexual attraction of any kind; asexual people have no interest or desire for sex
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Transgender
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People born with one biological sex but choose to identify as another sex
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Kinsey scale
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Kinsey said that human sexuality was far more diverse than what was commonly assumed.
-Attempts to describe a person's sexual history or episodes of their sexual activity at a given time. It uses a scale from 0, meaning exclusively heterosexual, to 6, meaning exclusively homosexual.
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Kinsey scale
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the formal or informal norms for acceptable and unacceptable sexual activity, which individuals are eligible to be sexual partners, and the boundaries of sexual behavior.
-sexual double standard "scoring" and "sluts"
-Heterosexuality in US : women are expected to attract, men are supposed to be attracted.
-Women are subject to the hunt whether they like it or not, men's attention can be pleasing,annoying,frightening.
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Homophobia |
the fear and hatred of homosexuality.
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Heterosexism
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the belief that heterosexuality is superior to and more natural than other sexual orientations.
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Pasco: Dude, You're a Fag
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•The word “fag” is used as an insult among adolescent males
•“Fag” is a negative homosexual stereotype.
•The term is not often used to refer to homosexual boys.
•The term “fag” is used to mock or tease other heterosexual boys
•“The fag discourse” is a tool for establishing and highlighting the masculinity of the person using the language.
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Barton: Pray the Gay Away
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•Barton interviewed 59 lesbians and gays living in the Bible Belt (Southern United States)
• Barton’s data suggests that conservative Christians are homophobic—fearful of homosexuals.
Barton argues that conservative Christian religions frame homosexuality as _____, and homosexuals are the ones responsible for destroying traditional family values
•Conservative Christians believe that you can pray and stop sinning—aka stop being gay.
According to Barton’s interviewees, being gay is the ultimate sin in the black church
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Seidman- Gay Marriage
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Seidman argues that the right to marry serves as a symbol of first class citizenship. Many lesbians and gays want to marry in order to become equal, respected citizens.
-Many lesbians and gays have long-term relationships similar to straight, married people, but are not afforded the same rights and benefits.
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Theoretical Perspectives on LBGT Inequalities
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