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PSYC 1101: EXAM 4
Stress |
Tension, discomfort, or physical symptoms that arise when we can't cope effectively.
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Traumatic Event |
Severe event that can produce long-term psychological and health consequences
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Stress Studies |
Stress as Stimuli, Stress as Transaction, and Stress as Response
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Stress as Stimuli |
Pinpoints categories of events and finds which people are most susceptible.
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Stress as Transaction |
Varied reactions to same event from differenet people.
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Primary Appraisal |
Is the event harmful?
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Secondary Appraisal |
How well can we cope with the situation?
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Coping Strategies |
Problem-focused (think we're in control and can cope)
Emotion-focused (think situation is out of our control so focus on positive emotions)
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Stress as Response |
Psychological/Physical reaction to stressors. Common to use measure of corticosteroids release as stress level indicator.
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How do we measure stress? |
Number of stressful events experienced w/i the last year are related with physical disorders.
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Hassles |
Small annoyances that strain ability to cope. Better at predicting physical health, depression, and anxiety than stressors.
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General Adaptation Syndrome |
3-stage reaction to stress
1) Alarm 2) Resistance3) Exhaustion
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Alarm Reaction |
Adrenaline released, fight-or-flight, sweaty palms, etc.
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Resistance Reaction |
Adapt to stressor, deep breaths, positive thoughts, etc.
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Exhaustion |
Stress continues and you can't cope. Resistance breaks down and can lead to depression, anxiety, breakdown of immune system, etc.
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Tend and Befriend |
People will nurture or seek social support in stressful situations. Reaction in place of fight/flight.
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Oxytocin |
Counters stress.
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Post traumatic Stress Disorder |
Condition following extremely stressful life event.
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Antigens |
Organisms that invade the body.
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Pathogens |
Disease-producing organisms
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Phagocytes |
Neutrophils and macrophages
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Lymphocytes |
T and B cells.
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Psychophysiological Illness |
Asthma and ulcer-type illnesses are aggravated by emotions and effect physical condition.
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Psychoneuroimmunology |
Study of relationship between immune system and CNS. Social support can fortify immune system.
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Biopsychosocial Perspective |
Medical conditions aren't all physical or fully psychological.
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Type A Personality |
Competitive/Impatient. Most likely to have heart issues.
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Type B Personality |
Calm/Mellow
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Type D Personality |
Experience negative emotions and inhibit expression of emotions.
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Peptic Ulcer |
Inflamed stomach area.
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Behavioral Control |
Ability to step up and do something to reduce impact of stressful situation. Problem-focused stress reduction.
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Cognitive Control |
Ability to restructure/think differently about negative emotions that arise in stress-provoking events. Changing our thoughts will reduce stress. Useful when situation is out of our control.
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Decisional Control |
Ability to choose among alternative courses of action. Ex. Can use others to get advice about decision.
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Informational Control |
Ability to gather information about situation.
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Emotional Control |
Ability to suppress and express emotions. Ex. journalism.
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Catharsis |
Disclosing painful feelings. Can be helpful if it leads to solution but bad if it reinforces sense of helplessness.
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Crisis Debriefing |
Group procedure designed to ward off PTSD. Can increase risk of PTSD and get in the way of natural coping.
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Hardiness |
See stressful situation as opportunity to grow. Believe they can control event.
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Optimism |
Productive, focused, lower mortality rates than pessimists.
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Self-Enhancement |
Inflated ego. Do well with stress.
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Spirituality and Religious Involvement |
Tend to have better health and lower mortality rates.
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Rumination |
Constantly worrying.
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Biofeedback |
Designed to regulate physiological responses associated with specific disorders. Ex. Monitor heart rate to see how people deal with stress, skin temperature, etc.
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Leading cause of preventative death: |
Smoking |
Alternative Medicine |
Health care practices used in place of conventional medicine.
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Biologically Based Therapies |
Vitamins, herbs, and food supplements used in place of conventional medicine.
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Homeopathic Medicine |
Taking small doses of something that causes illness will alleviate the illness. "Like cures like."
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Complementary Medicine |
Alternative medicine used along with conventional medicine.
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Somatoform Disorders |
Patient has physical symptoms not fully explained by general medical condition.
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Psychosomatic Illness |
Interaction between mind and body that causes illness.
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Conversion Disorder |
Physical symptoms that appear voluntary are experienced as involuntary to the patient. Symptoms come and go. Ex. Seizures, deafness, etc.
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Personality |
Distinctive pattern of behaviors, thoughts, emotions, etc.
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Traits |
Enduring predispositions that influence behavior.
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Nomothetic Approach |
Study conducted on group of people to identify general laws of behavior.
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Idiographic Approach |
Case studies. Can't be generalized.
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What makes us different? |
Genetics, shared environmental factors, and unshared environmental factors.
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Molecular Genetic Studies |
Identify genes associated with specific personality traits.
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Theories of Personality |
1) Freud Psychoanalysis 2) Neo-Freudians 3) Behaviorists 4) Social Learning 5) Humanists 6) Trait Theories
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Psychoanalytic Theories |
All psychological events have a cause, all actions are meaningful, and we rarely understand why we do things.
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Id |
Basic instincts.
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Pleasure Principle |
Id's tendency to strive for immediate gratification.
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Wish Fulfillment |
Expression of Id's desires through dreams.
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Defense Mechanisms |
Ego changes our perception of event that caused anxiety. Can lead to pathology.
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Repression |
Trying to forget bad emotional experiences.
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Denial |
Trying to forget bad external events.
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Regression |
Returning to younger stages of development.
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Reaction-Formation |
Changing something that produces anxiety into the opposite. Ex. Saying you don't like someone when you really do.
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Projection |
Giving others negative characteristics that you have. Ex. You're cheating but you say your mate is cheating.
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Displacement |
Direct impulse on something that's not the cause of anxiety. Ex. Boss makes you mad but you take it out on your family.
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Intellectualization |
Avoid emotions by focusing on abstract and impersonal. Ex. Diagnosed with terminal sickness. Instead of accepting it, you insist there are cures and try to find one.
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Rationalization |
Producing explanation that sounds reasonable for unreasonable behavior. Ex. Justifying stealing.
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Identifying with the Aggressor |
Adopting characteristics of someone threatening. Ex. Kidnapped and held captive for long period, victim develops feelings for the kidnapper.
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Sublimation
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Transfer unacceptable impulses into admirable ones. Ex. Get sexual impulse and instead of acting on it you go to them gym and workout.
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Psychosexual Stages |
Freud's theory of personality development. 1) oral 2) anal 3) phallic 4) latency 5) genital
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Oral |
Birth-18 months
Sexual gratification. Ex. Sucking
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Anal |
18 months-3 years
Gratification by bowel movements.
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Phallic |
3 years-6 years
Focus on genitals.
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Latency |
6 years-12 years-
Sexual impulses submerged into unconscious.
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Genital |
12 years+
Romantic attraction to others.
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Neo-Freudian |
Unconscious influences behavior, less emphasis on sexual drive, optimistic about long-term personality growth.
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Alfred Adler |
We want to be superior. Feeling of inferiority can lead to overcompensation.
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Carl Jung |
Ancestors pass down memories to us.
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Karen Horney |
Society makes women feel inferior.
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Behaviorists |
Personality influenced by external. No free will.
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Social Learning |
Thinking causes personality.
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Reciprocal determinism |
Ex. Introverts avoid situations where socializing is involved because they feel they will be embarrassed.
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Locus of Control |
Extent of which we believe reinforcers/punishers are in our control.
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Humanistic |
Carl Rogers; Free will. Genes, self-view, and conditions of worth make personality.
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Incongruence |
Not acting like yourself.
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Big Five |
1) Extroversion 2) Neuroticism 3) Conscientiousness 4) Agreeableness 5) Openness
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Extroversion |
Social and Lively
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Neuroticism |
Tense and moody
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Conscientiousness |
Responsible and careful.
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Agreeableness |
Friendly |
Openness |
Intellectually curious.
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Personality Assessment Types |
Structured assessments and projectives.
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Structured Personality Tests |
Paper and pencil tests. MMPI.
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MMPI |
Addresses symptoms of mental disorders.
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Projective Tests/Hypothesis |
1) Examinees must interpret ambiguous stimuli. Ex. Interpreting picture. (Rosarch Example)
2) Examinees project aspects of their personality on ambiguous stimuli. Ex. Drawing their interpretation of a human.
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P.T. Barnum Effect |
Tendency of people to accept high base rate descriptions as accurate.
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