BIOL 1104K: TEST 3
101 Cards in this Set
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Asymmetry
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cannot be separated into equal parts
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Radial Symmetry
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body organized around a central axis
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Bilateral Symmetry
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can be split into 2 “sides” only along 1 plane
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Embryonic Germ layers
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Special cell groups that develop into different cell types, tissues, and organs
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Ectoderm
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"outside”; dermal tissues, neural tissues
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Endoderm
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"inside"; gut lining
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Mesoderm
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“middle”; connective tissues (e.g. muscle, blood)
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All animals 1st develop into a hollow ball of cells called a.....
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blastula
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Intestinal tracts of animals begin by forming a dimple ______ on the surface of the blastula
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blastopore
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In bilateral animals, the blastopore becomes
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either the mouth or the anus
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If the organism develops the mouth first, it is said to be a....
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protostome
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If the anus develops first it is a.....
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Deuterostomes
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Deuterostomes
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ex. sponges
lack germ layers,tissues, organs, symmetry, and mouth
almost all marine
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Phylum Cnidaria
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ex. jellyfish, corals, anemomnes
diploblastic
radial symmetry
defined tissues
pouch-like digestive system - gastrovascular cavity
capture food w/ stinging cells called cnidocytes
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Phylum Platyhelminthes
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ex. flatworm
digestive tract, if present, forms a gastrovascular cavity
no circulatory system
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What are flatworms w/o a gut.....
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tapeworms
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Phylum Annelida
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ex. earthworms, leeches, polychaetes
body comprised of segments
complete digestive system - possess both anus and mouth
no respiratory system, rely on diffusion of gases through skin
closed circulatory system
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Closed circulatory system
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blood fully contained w/in vessels
ex. vertebrates, annelids, cephalopod molluscs
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Open circulatory system
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marinating; hemolymph only partially contained in vessels
ex. arthropod and most molluscs
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Phylum Nematoda
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ex. roundworms
no segments
no circulatory or respiratory systems (rely solely on diffusion)
shed their cuticle periodically
complete digestive tract (anus and mouth present)
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Phylum Mollusca
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ex. shellfish, squid, snails
protostomes
3 major classes: gastropoda, bivalvia, and cephalopoda
open circulatory system
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Phylum Mollusca - Class Gastropoda
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ex. snails, slugs, sea slugs
sea slugs and slugs lack shells
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Phylum Mollusca - Class Bivalvia
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ex. clams, oysters, mussels
hinged shells
lack a head
filter feed using gills
gills perform gas exchange
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Phylum Mollusca - Class Cephalopoda
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ex. squid, octopus, nautilus
very mobile, short-lived, well-developed nervous systems
only molluscs w/ closed circulatory systems
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You discovered a worm-like creature buried in the mud at a local beach with a relatively simple nervous system. How can you tell if it is a mollusc or an annelid?
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If it possess a closed circulatory system, it is an annelid
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Phylum Arthropoda
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ex. insects, crustaceans, spiders
exoskeleton of chitin (limits water loss, protective, must be molted to accommodate growth)
segmented bodies divided into head, thorax, and abdomen
open circulatory system w/ a hemocoel
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Class Insecta
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stages of development
larva - feeding stage
pupa - resting stage in which metamorphosis, the transformation from larva to adult, occurs
adult
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In deuterostomes, the blastopore becomes the
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Echinodermata
Chordata
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Phylum Echinodermata
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ex. sea stars, sea cucumbers, and sea urchins
deuterostomes
none live in fresh water
internal skeleton of calcium carbonate
adults - radial larvae - bilateral
water vascular systems - gas exchange, locomotion
tube feet
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Phylum Chordata
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4 primary features
notochors
dorsal, hollow nerve cord
post-anal tail
pharyngeal "gill" slits
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Notochord
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1st structure to develop in chordate embryos
provides rigidity and structural support for muscles but is somewhat flexible
sits below a dorsal, hollow nerve cord
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Subphylum Urochordate (tunicates)
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notochord present only in larval stages
pharyngeal slits used for filter feeding
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Subphylum Cephalochordaata (Lancelets)
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burrowing, filter feeders
permanent notochord
closest invertebrate relatives of vertebrates
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Subphylum Craniata
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skull (cranium) of cartilage or bone protects the brain
all but one class are vertebrates
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Hagfish (Class Myxini)
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jawless craniates
cartilaginous skeleton
adults retain notochord
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Cartilaginous fish
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ex. sharks, rays, and skates
have jaws
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Ray-finned fishes
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have jaws
bony skeletons
bony rays support fins
swim bladders
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lobe-finned fish
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swim bladder
jointed bones in fins rather than thin bony rays
thick, jointed limb bones an important step toward weight-bearing legs
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Challenges to life on land
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air is not very supportive
Gravity pulls down on the body
Gills collapse outside of water
air contains little water
Water constantly lost across body surfaces, gills, and lungs
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Class Amphibia - Vertebrata
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1st tetrapods
use lungs and skin to respire
almost exclusively confined to moist environments
skin - very thin and gas-permeable
eggs - surrounded by a thin membrane
highly sensitive to environmental changes b/c larvae must develop in water
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types of amphibians
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wormlike caecilians
frogs and toads
salamanders
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adaptations giving reptiles and mammals greater independence from water
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amniotic egg
thickened skin prevents water loss; covered w/ hair, scales, or feathers
fertilization occurs inside the female body rather than in water
excretory system capable of conserving water
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Class Reptilia -Vertebrata
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ex. lizards, snakes, turtles, birds
scales
shelled egg = a small "pond" for embryonic development
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Class Reptilia - Birds
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•subgroup of reptiles adapted to flight
1.wings = modified forelimbs
2.wing bones à hollow
3.Large breastbone supports flight muscles
4.Feathers = modified scales
endothermic ("warm blooded") animals
elevated body temperature supports highly active lifestyles
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Class Mammalia - Vertebrata
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sweat glands
mammary glands
hair
young of most develop w/in the mother's uterus
endothermic
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Homeostasis
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maintaining internal constancy under changing conditions
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regulators
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maintain internal state w/in limits
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conformers
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adjust their internal state to match conditions
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set point
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target value for a physiological variable (e.g. temp., blood sugar, metabolic activity)
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2 types of regulation
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negative feedback
positive feedback
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What detects the current value of the variable?
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sensors
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what compares a variable to a set point and initiate responses?
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control centers
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negative feedback
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most common feedback response
returns system to set point
ex. heating and air conditioning in a house
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positive feedback
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drives system away from set point by intensifying a process
starts small but grows stronger and stronger
ex. childbirth, urination, clotting, sexual responses
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when you are sick, your body temperature increases during a fever. why?
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your body increased your set point in order to fight an infection
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endotherms
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generate heat to maintain constant body temp.
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ectotherms
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conform to environmentaltemperature
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how do animals have means to control heat flow?
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physical - insulation w/ fat, hair, or feathers; increase or reduce surface area
behavioral - sunning or shading; activity during specific times of day
physiology - sweating, shivering, changes in blood flow to skin
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circulatory system
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system of vessels that aids in bulk transport of nutrients, dissolved gases, waste and hormones
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what do circulatory systems transport?
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gas
nutrients
waste
hormones
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arteries
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carry blood away from the heart
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veins
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carry blood toward heart
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capillaries
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narrow, thin-walled vessels
connect arteries and veins
gas and nutrient/ waste exchange occurs in capillary beds
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precapillary sphincters
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contract or relax to change flow through capillary beds
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pulmonary
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blood movement to/from lungs or gills
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systemic
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blood flow to remainder of the body
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most fish have...
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1 circuit; 1 ventricle, 1 atrium (no mixing)
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amphibians and most reptiles have...
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2 circuits; 1 ventricle, 2 atria (some mixing of blood occurs in the single ventricle)
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systemic pressure in amphibians is higher than in most fishes. why?
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blood does not 1st pass through lung capillaries as it travels to body tissues in amphibians
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mammals and birds have...
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2 circuits; 2 ventricles and 2 atria (no mixing)
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atrioventricular (AV) valves
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prevent back flow from ventricles to atria
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semilunar valves
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seal ventricles from aorta and pulmonary arteries while ventricles fill
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relaxation and contraction cycles
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atria and ventricles relax and fill w/ blood - (relaxation, diastole)
atria contract, forcing blood into ventricles - (contraction, systole)
ventricles contract, pushing blood into aorta and pulmonary arteries - (contraction, systole)
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Sinoatrial (SA) node
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muscle fibers that set the pace of the heart by generating regular electrical impulses
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Electrical Cycle of the Human Heart
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SA node sends signal to atria, causing them to contract
Electrical signal arrives at the AV node
Electrical signal rapidly spreads through the heart to stimulate ventricular contraction
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coronary arteries
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a dedicated blood supply to function
Insufficient blood cause a heart attack
•Cholesterol, plaque, and calcium accumulate and reduce blood flow through these arteries
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what prevents back flow?
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valves
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plasma
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fluid component
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red blood cells (RBC)
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ertythrocytes
5 billion per milliliter of blood
produced in bone marrow
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white blood cells (WBC)
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fight infections
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platelets
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essential for blood clotting
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anemia
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reduced # of rbc or too little iron available for hemoglobin production
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hemophilia
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clotting defect
genetic disorder
more common in males
royal families in europe were heavily affected
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why does 02 move into your blood from the air in your lungs?
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02 concentrations in the air are higher than that of o2 in the blood
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Respiratory systems help gas enter and exit the body by
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diffusion
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Circulatory systems move gases to/from cells by
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bulk flow
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Movement of gases into/out of our bodies and cells relies on
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diffusion
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3 essential elements of gas diffusion
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1.Moisture – gases must dissolve in water
2.Thin surfaces – short distances allow fast diffusion
3.surface area large enough to ensure that diffusion can support metabolic demand
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Gas diffusion occurs at the...?
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respiratory surfaces
movement in/out of body
skin, gills, rectum, mouth, lungs
tissues of the body
movement of gases to/from circulatory system to/from fluid surrounding cells
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Why is carbon monoxide poisonous?
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It binds to hemoglobin much more strongly than oxygen.
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no respiratory system
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solely relies on diffusion across body surface
ex. porifera, cnidaria, platyhelminthes, Nematoda
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gills
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Extensions of body wall
fish and many invertebrates
Provide lots of surface area where water and blood vessels can exchange gases readily
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trachea
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air tubes that bring gases directly to all cells in the body
Terrestrial arthropods
Let gas in/out via spiracles
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lungs
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–Homologous to swim bladders of fishes
–Amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and land snails
–High surface area
–Internal location limits water loss by evaporation
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alveoli connect the..
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respiratory and circulatory systems
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inhalation
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negative pressure
driven by contraction of the diaphragm
Enlarges chest cavity, sucking air in by negative pressure (vacuum)
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exhalation
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positive pressure
largely passive
lungs deflate when diaphragm relaxes
Rib muscles assist exhalation but are not major players
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human lungs have limitations
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Human respiration is tidal (breathing in and out), and incoming air (lots of O2) MIXES with outgoing air (less O2)
2. Dead space
•areas that do not do gas exchange (trachea, mouth, nose, bronchi, bronchioles)
•Air is retained in dead space even after exhalation
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bird lungs
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air tubes
air flows over bird lung in only 1 direction
air entering the bird lung does not mix w/ "used" air exiting the lungs
fresh air enters the lung during inhalation and exhalation
air "storage" sacs store air
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Air flow in the bird respiratory system - inhalation
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•Fresh air moves into posterior air sacs and lungs
•Old air moves from lungs into anterior air sacs
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Air flow in the bird respiratory system - exhalation
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•Posterior sacs contract, forcing stored fresh air into lungs
•Anterior sacs contract, pushing old air out the bird’s mouth and nose
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BIOL 1104K: TEST 2