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Bronsted Acid
proton donor potential acids: anything with an H
Bronsted Base
proton acceptor potential species- any species with a LONE PAIR
Lewis Acid
electron pair acceptor example: H+ ion
How to create an enantiomer
switch 2 at EVERY chirality center
How to create a diastereomer
switch 2 at only ONE chirality center
Formal charge
(# of valence e-) - (nonbonded e- + # of bonds)
Predicting anion stability
1. more stable with resonance 2. larger surface area of atom 3. higher electronegativity  4. hybridization- more S character, more stable
Alkanes
common: "meth, eth, prop, etc" + "ane" IUPAC: common name of longest chain, name and number substituents as alkyl groups 
Alkyl groups
Alkane prefix + "yl"
Cycloalkanes
put "cyclo" in front of the IUPAC name for the corresponding alkane;  substituents are named just like alkanes
If a ring has two substituents, what is special about the naming?
the name is preceded by either "cis" or "trans"
Alkyl Halide
Common: common alkyl group name followed by the halide name (chlorine-chloride) IUPAC: halogens named as substituents on main chain; substituents named by dropping ine from element and adding o (bromine-bromo) 
Alcohols
Common: specify the alkyl group, followed by "alcohol" IUPAC: longest chain that contains OH, number so OH gets lowest carbon; name substituents like alkanes but drop e and add ol; number of OH group just prior to alkane name 
Ether
Common: specify two alkyl groups followed by "ether" (if both alkyl groups are the same, put prefix "di" in front of alkyl group name IUPAC: longest chain attached to oxygen = main chain; other group along with the oxygen is like substituent called "alkoxy group" (ex: O with 2 carbons = …
Amine
Common: specify alkyl groups, followed by "amine"; di and tri prefixes where necessary  IUPAC: longest chain with N= main chain; number so N has lowest carbon, substituents named as usual; main chain name: drop e from alkane name and add "amine"; position of nitrogen number prior to alka…
Identify Alkanes
C&H single bonds
Identify Alkyl Halides
have a halogen  F, Cl, Br, I
Identify Alcohols
OH
Identify Ethers
Oxygen ROR
Identify Amines
N
Rules for resonance
1. Only move electrons (NOT ATOMS) 2. Must have same number of sigma bonds 3. Must have same number of unpaired electrons
Structural Isomers
bonding is different but have same molecular formula (n-propane and isopropane) 
Stereoisomers
same bonding, different orientation in space
Meso Compounds
has two or more asymmetric centers and a plane of symmetry;  have chirality centers but are achiral bc of plane of symmetry 
Substituents prefer ___. Why?
Equatorial  1,3 diaxial interactions make bigger atoms bump into each other Gauche interactions with ring carbons
Axial ____ Equatorial ____ (Gauche/Anti)
Axial- Gauche Equatorial- Anti
Torsional Strain
repulsion of electrons in bonds
Steric Repulsion
Large atoms are better across from each other to keep them from bumping into each other
Ring Strain
bonds in a molecule form angles that are abnormal
Racemic Mixture
mixture of equal amounts of two enantiomers; optically inactive
Absolute Configuration
nomenclature designation used to distinguish enantiomers from each other by identifying them as "R" or "S" 
Relative Configuration
When transforming one compound into another, none of the bonds to the chirality center were broken 
Determining The Max Number of Stereoisomers
2^n  n= # of stereogenic centers
Enantiomeric Excess (Optical Purity)
Observed specific rotation/specific rotation of the pure enantiomer * 100%
Biological Significance of Chirality
Enzymes and Receptors are chiral making them able to distinguish between enantiomers. Enzymes and receptors will only bind to the stereoisomer whose substituents are in the correct positions to interact with their chiral binding sites. 
Which directions are R and S?
R- clockwise S- counterclockwise 
How can enantiomers be distinguished?
they way they interact with plane-polarized light;  one enantiomer rotates light clockwise, its mirror image will rotate it the exact same amount counterclockwise 
Dextrorotatory
rotates plane of polarization clockwise  + or d
Levorotatory
rotates plane of polarization counterclockwise  -  or l 

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