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FCS 101 Final
Human Development refers to... |
Change & Constancy |
The accepted view of development is that it is... |
An ongoing process
|
Not history-graded on development |
Menopause
|
"Children are good" |
Rousseau |
1877, Scientific basis for studying children done by? |
Darwin |
Freud was criticized for... |
Using adults to study children |
Purpose of 1st intelligence test? |
Identify children at risk for falling behind |
Proximal Development |
Skills child can do w/ skilled helper |
Major limitation of correlation research |
Can't determine cause & effect |
Important reason for ethical research |
Protect participants |
Ethology refers to... |
Behavior of innate behaviors |
In textbook, they make a metaphor to info processing... What was it? |
Computer |
What is the primary purpose of genetic counseling? |
So parents can make procreation decisions |
Someone w/ 2 alleles for brown eyes is... |
Homozygous for trait |
How much genetics do parents/siblings share? |
50% |
Presence of extra 21st chromosome leads to...? |
Down Syndrome |
Actual traits portrayed (physical) are |
Phenotype |
Conception has occurred when egg & sperm combine to form |
23 new pairs of chromosomes |
Most accurate for how much weight women should gain while pregnant |
25-35 pounds average, also depends on body type |
Woman is ready to deliver |
when dilated 10cm (4 in) |
What is an episiodomy |
Widen vaginal opening |
Neonate? |
Infant in 1st month |
What is the most common birthing method? |
Hospital |
Lanugo?
Vernix? |
Fine, downy hair that covers newborns.
Oil that covers newborn, white chunks |
Why use a midwife? |
It's more personal |
If you decorated a room with bright colors and animals? |
Baby can't see them because they are nearsighted |
Early maternal contact influence bonding? |
Researchers say it's 1 element of bonding |
What does a 0 on Apgar scale? |
Severe problems |
Mom sad after 10 days post partum? |
Baby blues |
Most dramatic growth gains happen when? |
Prenatal development |
Can children "grow overnight"? |
Yes, 1 in in 24 hours |
Academy of Pedi says... |
Children should be breastfed for 1 year |
Myelin is? |
Sheet of insulate around axons, facilitates communication |
Greatest gains in acuity happen when? |
First 6 months |
When do humans start visually tracking object? |
Depends on age |
Mom uses red ball to catch baby's attention, baby loses interest... What has the baby done? |
Habituated the ball |
Putting toy in mouth? |
Sensorimotor |
Toy --> Lightbulb |
Assimilation |
Piaget said development is in _________, others say it is ____________. |
Stages, Continuous |
What is deferred imitation? |
Immitation of action after time delay |
Bayley Scale is used to measure what? |
See handicaps/ to see nuerological/sense problems |
"more" |
Expressive language |
Lion--> "kitty" |
Example of overextension |
Cognitive view of attachment |
Assumes need for object permanence |
Mothers of securely attached infacts are |
-affectionate
-more predictable
-caregiving
All the above. |
4 month wants to be held only by mom or dad |
Attachment in the making |
Placement in day care affects attachment... |
Regardless most are securely attached |
Can social depreivation experiments be performed on babies? |
No- unethical |
Emotional regulation is... |
How children control their emotions |
Parent's expectation & Children's temperament |
Goodness of fit |
Child observes other child not afraid of stranger, so they are not afraid of stranger |
Social referencing |
Height and weight gains during early childhood |
Become more slender, lose baby fat |
Fine motor after gross |
Proximodistal development |
Rough & tumble play |
Important to physical & social development |
Minor illnesses |
Last a few days, not life-threatening |
Diarrhea |
leading killer of children in developing country |
Nutrition? |
Healthy, well-balanced to create habits |
Preoperational- important development of cognitive ability |
Increase of language (representation) |
Soft voice w/ cat, adult voice w/ kids |
Pragmantics |
Consistent control, strong affection |
Authoritative Parenting |
Parenting is a 2 way street because.... |
It depends on characteristics of the child |
Child hits someone to get a toy back, this displays what kind of aggression? |
Instrumental |
Knowledge for desirable behavior patterns |
Inductive methods |
Conflict between siblings is greater when... |
Parents show favoritism |
Social play = |
Parallel & associative play |
Stronger self concept for preschoolers= |
More possessive they are |
Aggressive children appear to be less able to... |
take perspective of others |
Aggression is result of reinforcement & observational learning |
Social Cognitive |
Children's fears during early childhood focus less on... |
Loud noises & strangers |
Obese children are more likely to... |
Get rejected by peers and do better in sports |
Increased coordination & agility |
All the above |
ADHD not noticed until middle childhood because... |
They are required to sit & pay attention |
Concrete operational children |
Can think in multiple dimensions |
Jimmy does math first because it takes him the longest |
Metacognition |
Tina broke 1 toy on purpose, Dillion broke 5 on accident. Who is the most in trouble? |
Dillon because he broke more |
Gardener studied... |
Biological basis & culture & learning |
Erikson in middle childhood |
Industry vs. Inferiority |
Self-Esteem in middle childhood |
refined, goes down |
Learned helplessness |
likely to believe success depends on ability |
Increasing importance |
Peers |
During middle childhood |
Friends are exclusively same gender |
Home to school transition is influenced by |
Diversity of early life experiences |
High quality teachers |
Communicate values & expectations |
Asynchronous growth |
Hands & feet hit peak growth before arms and legs |
Clark hit puberty before his peers |
Popular, confident, better at sports |
Nutritional adolescense |
Don't get as much nutrients |
Understand metaphor |
Formal operations |
Olivia picking out clothes and thinks her friends are worried about what she's going to wear tomorrow |
Imaginary audience |
Males score higher on visual |
Spatial ability |
Adolescence--> Adulthood |
Emerging adulthood |
Body functions @ peak |
Early adulthood |
Juan is a tennis player, Miguel is a golfer. Who is a better athlete? |
Miguel in his early 30s |
Healthy behaviors |
Are lacking in early adulthood |
Impact of stress |
Many respond in unhealthy ways |
Rape is most common for women between |
16-24 |
Post formal Piaget |
Each person's experiences are different |
Perry- good & evil |
Dualistic |
Cognitive development in college |
Exposed to different points of view |
Intrinsic |
Fill days w/ meaningful activity |
Erikson warns that |
Ego identity should be established before relationship |
Levinson... Seasons of life is? |
Women have more social constraints, different timing for men & women, less applicable to women today |
Reciprocity of relationships |
2 way giving admiration & compliments |
Someone attractive |
Differs across cultures |
Triangle theory of love |
Couples have = amounts of 3 components of love |
Loneliness is connected to |
Low self-confidence, emotional instability, unhappiness |
Marriage is the most common lifestyle for ages... |
34-44 |
Cohabitating couples are more likely to divorce because |
they have less traditional views of marriage |
Workplace problems for dual earners |
Affects health & marital satisfactions |
True cost of divorce |
Higher rates of illness |
Interindividual variability |
no 2 people change same way |
Changes in muscle mass, body temp, metabolism can be altered by |
Diet & exercise |
Variations in response to menopause suggest |
All the above |
Reaction time increases by |
Fraction of a second |
Crystallized intelligence |
increases w/ age |
Stress effect middle adulthood |
Control --> less likely to be depressed |
Generativity cares for |
All the above (anyone) |
When Gender identity goes up^^^ |
Androgeny- parental imperative theory |
Sandwich generation |
Taking care of parents & kids |
Grandparenting |
Styles vary |
Life expectancy is related to... |
Gender, geographical location, race, healthy behavior |
Dementia |
Caused by Alzheimer's |
Normal aging |
Physiological decline slowly, man years of life, disease is not inevitable |
Late adulthood |
Hearing loss may be factor in social isolation |
Cross linking theory |
Body proteins stiffen w/ age & breakdown |
Substance abuse in elderly |
Prescription meds |
Butler- Reminiscence |
Make life meaningful |
Disengagement theory |
All the above |
Untreated depression |
May lead to suicide, particularly older men |
Older adults prefer to stay in their home |
As long as they can |