NUTR 1000: FINAL EXAM
75 Cards in this Set
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6 Classes of Essential Nutrients
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1. Carbs
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Vitamins
5. Minerals
6. Water
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Which essential nutrients provide energy?
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Proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.
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Essential nutrients that are organic
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Carbs, proteins, fats and vitamins.
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which are micronutrients?
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vitamins and water
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which are macronutrients?
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carbs, fat, protein
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fortification
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process of adding micronutrients to food
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enrichment
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adding of nutrients that were lost
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monosaccharide
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glucose, frutose, and galactose
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disaccharide
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maltose, sucrose, and lactose.
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polysaccharide
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chains of monosaccharides, glycogen, starches, and dietary fibers.
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Fiber
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Cellulose based plant material that cannot be digested; found in cereal, fruits, and vegetables
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triglyceride
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(lipid) consists of 3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol
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phospholipid
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2 fatty acids, glycerol, and a phosphate group.
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Sterol
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4 ring carbon structure with any variety of side chains attached
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Saturation
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fatty acids carrying max number of hydrogen bonds
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Unsaturation
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fatty acid that lacks hydrogen bond thus having at least one double bond between carbons
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trans fat
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fatty acids with hydrogens on opposite sides of the double bond, increases blood cholesterol and risk of heart disease.
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omega 3 role in health
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helps prevent blood clots, protect aginst irregular heart beats, improve blood lipids, and lower blood pressure.
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NON ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
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the body can make them in sufficient quantities so we don’t need to consume them in our diet
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essential amino acids
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arent produced by body and are essential
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transamination
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process of transferring an amino group from one amino acid to another
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deamination
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removal of the amino group (NH2)
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Glycolysis and starting and ending compounds
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glucose to pyruvate.
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TCA cycle
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pyruvate to acetyl-coa which goes through the cycle to make co2 and hydrogen bonds
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fatty acid oxidation
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metabolic breakdown of fatty acids to acetyl-coa. 2 carbon fragments split off and combines with a molecule of CoA to make acetyl-CoA. hydrogens and their electrons are released and carried to electron transport chain.
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Fat-soluble Vs. Water-soluble
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Fat-soluble
Largestorage capability
Toxicityis possible
Deficiencysymptoms may take many months to develop
May occur in many chemicalforms
Water-soluble
Minimalstorage capability
Toxicityis rare
Deficiencysymptoms occur quickly
Excretedin urine when tissues are saturated
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Vitamins that act as antioxidants
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A C and E
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Role of vitamin A in vision
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keep cornea clear and converts light energy into nerve impulses at the retina
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How many kcals is one pound of body fat worth?
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3,500 kcals
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vitamin C function
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reducing agent: gives e-
application: collagen shaping - triple helix
ion in collagen needs to be reduced
application: increases iron absorption
immune functions: prevents free radicals by pairing unpaired e-
antioxidant
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Vitamin C food sources
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-citrus fruits, potatoes, tomatoes, green veggies
-easily lost in cooking
-smokers need more than the RDA of 100mg/day. They need as much as 200mg/day
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Vitamin C deficiency
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anemia, joint pain, bleeding gums, muscle degeneration
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Vitamin C - Toxicity
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Water-soluble
Large doses in pill from can cause toxic effects
nausea
abdominal cramps
diarrhea
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What vitamin plays a role in collagen formation?
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Vitamin C, by converting proline to hydroxyproline. The sequence is proline -> hydroxyproline -> collagen
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Which vitamin plays a role in mucous membranes and vision?
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Vitamin A
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What is the role of Vitamin D
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its a hormone, mineralization of bones (raises blood calcium and phosphorous by increasing absorption from GI tract)
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What are sources of Vitamin D?
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sunlight, fish, fortified foods, supplements
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What are deficiencies of Vitamin D?
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Children-rickets (deformed bone)
Adults- osteomalacia (de mineralized bone)
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Vitamin E's role as an antioxidant
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Main fat-soluble antioxidant
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vitamin E deficiency
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red blood cell breakage
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Vitamin K role
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synthesis of blood clotting proteins and bone proteins
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definition of coenzyme
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complex organic moleclue that works with enzymes to facilitate the enzymes activity.
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Anemia
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few blood cells are present or are too big/small to carry sufficient oxygen
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Megaloblastic/macrocytic
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abnormally large blood cells
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Pernicious
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caused by atrophic gastritis and lack of intrinsic factor
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water functions
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carries nutrients throughout the body, rids cells/body of wastes, serves as a solvent, actively participates in chemical rxns, acts a lubricant around joints, shock absorber for internal organs, maintains body temp.
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signs and symptoms of dehydration
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thirst, fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite, dry skin, low BP
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Hyponatermia
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decreased concentration of sodium in blood
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symptoms like confusion, convulsions, and even death in some cases is from what?
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Hyponatremia
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Antidiuretic hormone function
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produced by pituitary gland; stimulates kidneys to reabsorb more water and therefore excrete less. Elevates BP
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Renin function
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enzyme from kidneys, hydrolyzes protein Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I which results in kidneys reabsorbing water
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Aldosterone
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hormone secreted by adrenal glands, regulates BP by increasing reabsorption of sodium by kidneys
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Angiotensin I and II
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I- inactive form
II- active form of hormone involved in BP regulation
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Functions of sodium
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positive ion in extracellular fluid
Key in retaining body water
participates in nutrient absorption
muscle contractions
conduction of nerve impulses
- retain body water and fluid balance
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Sodium and Hypertension
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a diet high in sodium may increase risk for high blood pressure... people diagnosed with hypertension benefit from low sodium diets
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Dash diet
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Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension. 5 sevings of veggies/fruits per day.
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Functions of Potassium?
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Blood pressure regulation
transmit nerve impulses
muscle contractions
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Potassiums effect on blood pressure and hypertension
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low potassium intakes increase blood pressure, high intakes prevent and correct hypertension
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Source of potassium
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bananas
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chloride functions
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major extracellular anion
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Functions of Calcium?
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Bone development and maintenance
Blood clotting
Transmission of nerve impulses
Muscle contraction
Cell metabolism
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Calcium homeostasis and hormonal regulation
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whenever blood calcium falls too low or rises too high three organs respond: intestines, bones, and kidneys. Hormones parathyroid and calcitonin return blood calcium to normal.
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hydroxyapatite
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crystals made of calcium and phosphorus
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Magnesium functions
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energy metabolism, muscle contractions, and blood clotting
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Iron functions
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oxygen transport in blood
enzyme cofactor
good immune function
brain and nerve function
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Heme iron
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iron binded to hemo proteins (meat, fish and poultry)
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non-heme irons
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iron in foods that is not bound to proteins (plant and animal derived foods)
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Enhancers and inhibitors of absorption of Iron
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enhancers: MFP factor and acids
inhibitors: phytates and veggie proteins
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Transport and storage proteins with iron
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when iron concentrations become too high, the liver converts some Ferritin into other storage protein called Hemosiderin
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Iron deficiency symptoms
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fatigue, weakness, headaches, apathy, pallor, and poor resistance to cold temp.
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Zinc functions
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immune functions, wound healing, growth and development, and sperm production
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zinc sources
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shellfish, meats, poultry, milk and cheese
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Zinc Deficiency
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growth retardation, impaired immune response, altered taste, and slowed wound healing.
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Stages of iron deficiency
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Iron stores diminish
Transport iron decreases
Hemoglobin production declines
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Zinc deficiency
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growth retardation, hair loss, eye and skin lesions and lose of appetite
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NUTR 1000: TEST 1