View
- Term
- Definition
- Both Sides
Study
- All (127)
Shortcut Show
Next
Prev
Flip
BIOL 1100:TEST 1
Homeostasis |
tendency of an organism or a cell to regulate its internal conditions. Stabilize health and functioning. |
Robert Hooke |
First to discover and view cells in 1665. |
Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
First to observe microorganisms using a microscope of his own design in 1675. Described them as animalcules-little animals |
Mitochondrion |
Membrane-bound organelle in cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells. Generates energy(ATP), stores calcium for cell signaling, generates heat, and mediates growth/deat |
Plant Cell |
Eukaryotic cells |
Chloroplast |
sunlight is converted to chemical energy during photosynthesis. Double membrane around exterior. |
Central Vacuole |
Lysosome like organelles in plant cells |
Schleiden and Schwann |
Cell Theory 1830s
All living organisms are made up of cells
Schwann=animals
Schleiden=plants |
Rudolf Virchow |
1860s All cells come from pre-existing cells |
Louie Pasteur |
swan neck vessel to disprove the idea of spontaneous cell generation |
pontaneous Generation |
The idea that cells spontaneously appear out of air. |
Proton |
Positively charged. Located in the nucleus |
Neutron |
No charge. Located in nucleus |
Electron |
Negatively charged. Located in electron orbital |
Nucleus |
Controls the cells function, contains the cells DNA, RNA comes out, contains genetic material |
Element |
A pure substance that cannot be broken down into any other substances by chemical or physical means |
Atomic Mass |
The average mass of all the isotopes of an element |
Atomic Number |
Number of protons in nucleus of an atom |
Isotope |
An atom with the same number of protons and a different number of neutrons from other atoms of the same element. |
Elements common to life |
Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur |
Covalent Bond |
Sharing electrons between elements |
Ionic Bond |
Transfer of electrons between elements |
Ion |
A particle that is electrically charged (positive or negative) |
Cation |
Positive charge=element loses electron |
Anion |
Negative charge=element gains an electron |
Valence Shells |
Outer most energy level containing active electrons |
Reactants |
Elements/Compounds that react with each other to produce a reaction or product |
Products |
Result of a chemical reaction |
Exergonic Reaction |
A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy |
Endergonic Reaction |
A non-spontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings. |
Electron Orbitals |
Volumes of space surrounding the atomic nucleus where electrons are likely to be found |
Morphine and Endorphins |
Morphine-drug used to produce the same feelings the body naturally produces through endorphin hormone |
Chromatin |
Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell |
Nucleolus |
site where gene products are processed. |
Nuclear Membrane |
Double membrane which encloses the nucleus. Nuclear Envelope |
Cytoplasm |
all components of a cell, excluding the nucleus |
Crystol |
fluid portion between the plasma membrane and these organelles. |
Ribosome |
protein-manufacturing center in eukaryotic cells. Contains RNA and protein molecules. |
Free Ribosome |
ribosomes suspended in the cytosol that mostly synthesize proteins which dissolve in the cytosol and function there |
Membrane associated ribosome |
produce protein for the cell envelope and for secreation |
Endoplasmic Reticulum |
A system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids |
Rough ER |
Covered in ribosomes and is responsible for the synthesis and transport of proteins and glycoproteins. |
Smooth ER |
Does not have ribosomes attached to it. Responsible for producing lipids, steroids, regulation of calcium levels in muscle cells |
Lumen |
interior of the rough ER. Site of protein folding |
Golgi Apparatus |
Consists of discrete flattened membranous sacs |
Cis-Face |
receiving end of the golgi apparatus |
Cisternae |
membranous sacs in the Golgi apparatus |
Trans-face |
the shipping face for transport vesicles leaving the golgi |
Vesicle |
A membrane bound sac that contains materials involved in transport of the cell |
Lysosome |
recycling center which contains enzymes |
Phagocytosis |
A process in which some of the white blood cells destroy the invading microorganism and old cells. |
Electronegativity |
how strongly an element is attracting electrons. |
Surface Tension |
A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid |
Polar Molecule |
A molecule that has electrically charged areas. WATER |
Hydrogen Bonds |
Very weak bonds; occurs when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to the electronegativity of another molecule |
Polar Covalent Bond |
results from unequal sharing of electrons |
Polar Solvent |
A dissolving liquid composed of polar molecules |
Nonpolar Covalent Bond |
results from equal sharing of electrons |
Nonpolar Molecule |
Molecule that shares electrons equally and does not have oppositely charged ends |
Partial Charge |
the unequal sharing of electrons which results in a slight negative or positive charge |
Density of H20 |
1 g/mL (at 4 degrees C) |
Specific Heat |
The amount of energy that is needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1° C. |
Temperature Buffering |
the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of a substance to change its temperature by 1 degree celcius |
Heat of Vaporization |
The amount of energy required for the liquid at its boiling point to become a gas |
Evaporation Cooling |
the process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, owing to a change of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy from the liquid to the gaseous state. |
Cohesion |
Attraction between molecules of the same substance |
Adhesion |
An attraction between molecules of different substances |
pH |
acidity level of a substance |
Acid |
Pulls in electrons=negative charge |
Base |
Pulls in protons=positive charge |
Amphipathic Molecule |
A molecule that has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region. |
Micell |
Amphipathic lipids with single hydrocarbon chains (fatty acids) |
Bilayer |
a layer that is two molecules thick |
Phospholipid |
major component of cell membrane higly amphipathic molecules form bilayer. |
Phospholipid Bilayer |
composes cell memebrane; amphipathic |
Singer and Nicolson |
Developed the fluid mosaic model 1972 |
Fluid Mosaic Model |
Fluid Mosaic Model A model that refers to how the lipid bilayer tends to act more like a liquid than a solid. |
Hydrophobic |
not attracted to water |
Hydrocarbon |
An organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen. |
2nd Law of Thermodynamics |
Molecules will naturally move down the concentration gradient |
Entropy |
(thermodynamics) a thermodynamic quantity representing the amount of energy in a system that is of disorder |
Diffusion |
Movement of materials from an area of high concentration to low concentration Water always moves to a higher concentration of molecules |
Concentration Gradient |
A region along which the density of a chemical substance increases or decreases. |
Permeability |
How easily liquid can move through an object |
Semi-permeable membrane |
a membrane (as a cell membrane) that allows some molecule to pass through but not others |
Osmosis |
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
Hypertonic Solutions |
Concentration of solutes is higher outside that inside, water moves out of the cell |
Hypotonic Solutions |
concentration of solutes is lower outside than inside, water will move into cell |
Equilibrium State |
The state in which the system (cell) is steady and constant |
Facilitated Diffusion |
natural movement down gradient through pre-shaped proteins in phospholipids bilayer, |
Active Transport |
Requires ATP, drives molecules/proteins up concentration gradients by changing shape of proteins |
Sodium/Potassium Pump |
Protein pump transports sodium of of cell and potassium into the cell 3 Na-2 K |
Electrochemical Gradient |
Ions move down a gradient toward the opposite charge |
Adenosine Triphosphatase |
A molecule present in all living cells and acting as an energy source for metabolic processes |
Proton Gradient |
a gradient formed by the difference in proton concentrations across a membrane |
Fat |
Lipid is a major class of macromolecule |
Triglyceride |
energy storage, insulation |
Glycerol |
A three-carbon alcohol to which fatty acids are covalently bonded to make fats and oils. |
Fatty Acid |
1. Stearic
2. Palmitic
3. Myristic
4. Oleic
5. Linoleic |
Saturated Fat |
Fully saturated with hydrogens. Single bonds |
Unsaturated Fat |
Double Carbon bonds, lessens the amount of hydrogen saturation. |
Polyunsaturated Fat |
A fatty acid that lacks 4 or more hydrogen atoms and have 2 or more double bonds between carbon atoms. |
Cholesterol |
A large, ring shaped lipid found in cell membranes. Cholesterol is the precursor for steroid hormones, and is used to manufacture bile salts. |
Hormones |
Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands, that are produced in one tissue and affect another |
Testosterone |
A male hormone that stimulates the growth of genital and secondary sexual characteristics. |
Estrogen |
A class of hormones that produce female secondary sex characteristics and affect the menstrual cycle. |
Cadherins |
A member of an important class of cell adhesion molecules that requires extracellular calcium ions for its function. |
Tight Junctions |
Prevent things from slipping between cells that shouldn't be there. Seals them together |
Desmosomes |
Connect to cytoskeletons of cells |
Gap Junctions |
Pores that act as a channel between cells |
Plasmodesmata |
An open channel in the cell wall of plants through which strands of cytosol connect from adjacent cells |
Dictyostelium |
protist that can sense AMP(energy) and will move itself towards that energy |
Amoeba |
A type of protist characterized by great flexibility and the presence of pseudopodia. |
Slug |
created when multiple amoeba come together to move towards a signal |
Fruiting Body |
an organ specialized for producing spores |
Autocrine Signaling |
Cells release signals that affect themselves and nearby target cells |
Paracrine Signaling |
Cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up, destroyed, or immobilized. The mediators act only on nearby cells. |
Neurotransmitter |
Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons |
Endocrine Signaling |
signaling at a distance |
Transduction |
involves amplification of signal and control of the proteins production |
G Protein |
A GTP-binding protein that relays signals from a plasma membrane signal receptor, known as a G protein-coupled receptor, to other signal transduction proteins inside the cell. |
Adenylyl Cyclase/cAMP |
Stopping process to cooperate with neighbor |
Phosphorylation Cascade |
Kinase sends a phosphate to molecule |
Lipid Soluble Steroid Hormones |
Can enter target cell, bind to receptors inside the cell, and cause change in gene expression. |
Transcription Factor |
new mRNA produced=new genes=new proteins and enzymes for new functions |
Change in Gene Expression |
During an individual organisms' lifetime, this is most likely to help the organism respond properly to changes in its environment |
Endomembrane System Functions |
1. Synthesis of Proteins and transports into membranes, organelles, or out of cell
2. Metabolism and movements of lipids.
3. Detoxification of poisons |