84 Cards in this Set
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substance use
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low- to moderate-use experiences that do not produce problems with social, educational or occupational functioning
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substance intoxication
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categorized in the current DSM as a substance-induced order; reversible and substance specific; results in maladaptive behavioral or psychological changes associated with the central nervous system; effects occur during or shortly after drug use
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tolerance
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requiring an increased dose of a substance to achieve the desired effect; having a markedly reduced effect when consuming the usual dose
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withdrawal
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a syndrome that occurs when concentrations of a substance decline in an individual who had maintained prolonged and heavy use of a substance
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caffeine
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a central nervous system stimulant with a kick that boosts energy, mood, awareness, concentration and wakefulness
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nicotine
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a highly addictive drug; common source is plant, Nicotiana tabacum, which has been chewed and smoked for centuries; most common method of delivery is cigarettes and others are cigars, pipes and smokeless tobacco
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delirium tremens
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characterized by disorientation, severe agitation, high blood pressure and fever that can last up to 3-4 days after stopping drinking; severe condition; 5% of individuals die from these metabolic complications
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alcohol cirrhosis
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the slow deterioration and malfunction of the liver due to chronic injury; a liver disease that occurs in about 10-15% of people with alcoholism
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Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
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caused by deficiencies in thiamine secondary to alcohol dependence; characterized by a cluster of symptoms that include confusion, amnesia and confabulation.
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confabulation
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an adaptation to memory loss in which the individual "fills in blanks" with made-up info
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fetal alcohol syndrome
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severe consequence of alcohol use; occurs when a pregnant woman drinks alcohol and it passes through the placenta and harms the developing fetus
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marijuana
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comes from the Cannabis sativa plant which also produces the fiber hemp; most commonly used illicit drug in the US; the cannabinoid receptors catch the THC which influences pleasure; increases dopamine levels
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tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
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the active ingredient in marijuana
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amphetamines
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prolong wakefulness; legit uses include treatment for asthma, nasal congestion, AD(H)D and narcolepsy; aka uppers, bennies and speed.
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crystal methamphetamines
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a form of methamphetamine that produces longer lasting and more intense physiological reactions than the powdered form; smoked in glass pipe or injected; the high is rapid and intense and can last for 12 plus hours
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ecstacy
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has become a common "club" drug and a frequent trigger for ER visits
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(crack) cocaine
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comes from the leaves of the coca plant and indigenous to South America; addictive properties that effects are thought to be caused by inhibiting nerve cells' reabsorption of dopamine; snorted or dissolved and injected; in form of rock can be smoked and makes a crackling sound
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sedative drugs
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include two general classes being barbiturates and benzodiazepines; central nervous system depressants; initially used to treat anxiety and insomnia, and less commonly prescribed due to high risk of abuse, dependence and overdose
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barbiturates
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"downers"; act on the GABA-ergic system in a manner similar to alcohol; common include Amatol, Nembutal and Seconal; used to counteract effect of amphetamines; users can experience impaired memory and coordination, irritability and paranoid and suicidal thoughts
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benzodiazepines
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originally prescribed (widely) for the treatment of anxiety; can be used responsibly and effectively for short-term treatment of anxiety and insomnia; Valium, Xanax, Halcion, Rohipnol (roofies, not available in US)
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opioids
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used primarily to relieve physical pain and sedation; heroin, morphine, codeine and derived from the opium poppy; methadone is a synthetic form; narrowing of pupils, constipation, flushed skin, itching, lowered BP, slowed HR and low body temp; can be smoked, snorted, injected beneath the …
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hallucinogens
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produce altered states of bodily perception and sensation, intense emotions, detachment from oneself and from the environment, and feelings of insight with mystical or religious significance
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lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
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a synthetic hallucinogen, first synthesized in 1938
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inhalants
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the vapors from a variety of chemicals that yield an immediate effect of euphoria or sedation and can cause permanent damage to all organ systems including the brain
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abstinence violation effect
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the core feature of relapse prevention which focuses on a person's cognitive and affective responses to re-engaging in a prohibited behavio
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agonist substitution
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a type of therapy that substitutes a chemically similar medication for the drug of abuse
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antabuse
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an aversive medication that pairs the ingestion of a drug with a noxious physical reaction
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aversion therapy
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a treatment approach that repeatedly pairs drug or alcohol use with an aversive stimulus or images
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contingency management approach
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a treatment approach in which rewards are provided for treatment compliance
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detoxification
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a medically supervised drug withdrawal
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nicotine replacement therapy
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a safe and effective therapy used as part of a comprehensive smoking cessation program
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relapse prevention
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the treatment approach that uses functional analysis to identify the antecedents and consequences of drug use and then develops alternative cognitive and behavioral skills to reduce the risk of future drug use
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transtheoretical model
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a five-stage sequential model of behavioral change
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alogia
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the decreased quality and/or quantity of speech
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anhedonia
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inability to experience pleasure from activities usually found enjoyable
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antipsychotics
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a class of medications that block dopamine receptors at neuron receptor sites.
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atypical antipsychotic
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a group of medication that effectively treats positive symptoms, is much less likely to produce tardive dyskinesia, and has some effect on negative symptoms and cognitive impairments
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avolition
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the inability to initiate or follow through on plans
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brief psychotic disorder
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the sudden onset of any psychotic symptom that may resolve after one day and doesn't last for more than one month
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catatonia
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a condition in which a person is awake but is nonresponsive to external stimulation
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clang associations
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conditions in which a person's speech is governed by words that sound alike rather than words that have meaning
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cognitive impairment
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the diminishment in visual and verbal learning and memory, inability to pay attention, decreased speed of info processing, and inability to engage in abstract reasoning, any or all of which may be found in different psychotic disorders
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conventional or typical antipsychotics
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medications that effectively reduce the positive symptoms of schizophrenia but produce serious side effects
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delusion
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a false belief
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delusional disorder
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a condition in which a person has a nonbizarre delusion, no other psychotic symptoms, and few changes in overall functioning other than the behaviors immediately surrounding the delusion
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delusions of influence
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the belief that other people are controlling one's thoughts or behaviors
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dementia praecox
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Kraepelin's name for a psychological disorder characterized by deterioration of mental faculties; the original name for schizophrenia
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diminished emotional expression
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reduced or immobile facial expressions and a flat, monotonic vocal tone that does not change even when the topic of conversation becomes emotionally laden
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dopamine hypothesis
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the theory that a cause of schizophrenia is the presence of too much dopamine in the neural synapses.
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early-onset schizophrenia
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a form of schizophrenia that develops in childhood or adolescence; usually before age 18
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echolalia
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the verbatim repetition of what others say
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expressed emotion
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a concept used to describe the level of emotional involvement and critical attitudes that exist within the family of a patient with schizophrenia
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gene-environment correlation
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the person who contributes to a person's genetic makeup and provides the environment in which the patient lives
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hallucination
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a false sensory perception
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loose association
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a thought that has little or no logical connection to the next one
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negative symptoms
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the behaviors, emotions, or thought processes that exists in people without a psychiatric disorder but are absent in people with schizophrenia
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persecutory delusion
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a patient's belief that someone is persecuting her or him or that the person is a special agent/individual.
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positive symptoms
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a group of schizophrenic symptoms including unusual thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that vary in intensity and in many cases are responsive to treatment
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psychoeducation
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the teaching of patient and families about the patient's disorder in order to reduce familial distress and equip them to work effectively with the patient
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psychomotor retardation
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a condition in which a person has slowed mental or physical activities
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psychosis
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a severe mental condition characterized by a loss of contact with reality
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schizoaffective disorder
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a condition in which, in addition to all of the symptoms of schizophrenia, the patient suffers from a major depressive, manic, or mixed episode disorder at some point during the illness
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schizophrenia
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a severe psychological disorder characterized by disorganization in thought, perception and behavior
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schizophreniform disorder
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a condition with symptoms that are identical to those of schizophrenia except that its duration is shorter (less than six months) and it results in less impairment in social or occupational functioning
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shared psychotic disorder
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a condition in which two or more persons who have a close relationship share the same delusional belief; aka folie a deux
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social cognition
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the ability to perceive, interpret, and understand social info including other people's beliefs, attitudes, and emotions
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synaptic pruning
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a process in which weaker synaptic contacts in the brain are eliminated and stronger connections are enhanced
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tardive dyskinesia
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a neurological condition characterized by abnormal and involuntary motor movements of the face, mouth, limbs, and trunk
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thought blocking
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an unusually long pause or pauses in a patient's speech that occurs during a conversation
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waxy flexibility
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a condition in which parts of the body (usually the arms) remain frozen in a particular posture when positioned that way by another person
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avoidant personality disorder
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a pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation
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antisocial personality disorder
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a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others
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borderline personality disorder
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a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affect with marked impulsive features such as frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment
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Cluster A
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A group of personality disorders that include characteristic ways of behaving that can be viewed as odd, eccentric, or quirky; includes paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders
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Cluster B
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A group of personality disorders that include characteristic ways of behaving that can be viewed as exaggerated, inflated, dramatic, emotional, or erratic; includes antisocial, borderline, narcissistic, and histrionic personality disorders
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Cluster C
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A group of personality disorders that include characteristic ways of behaving that are marked by considerable anxiety or withdrawal; includes avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders
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dependent personality disorder
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a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of by others that leads to dependency and fears of being left alone
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histrionic personality disorder
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a pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking
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narcissistic personality disorder
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a pervasive pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration from others, and lack of empathy
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obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
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a pervasive preoccupation with oderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control to the point of distress
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paranoid personality disorder
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a pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others such that their motives are interpreted as malevolent
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schizoid personality disorder
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a pervasive pattern of social detachment and a limited expression of emotion in interpersonal contexts
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schizotypal personality disorder
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a pervasive pattern of social and interpersonal deficits marked by acute discomfort, reduced capacity for close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and behavioral eccentricities.
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temperament
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personality components that are biological or genetic in origin, observable from birth (or perhaps before), and relatively stable across time and situations
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PSYC 281: EXAM 1