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goodness of fit
understanding behavior within a specific context
culture
shared behavioral patterns and life styles that differentiate one group of people from another
culture-bound syndrome
term originally used to describe abnormal behaviors that were specific to a particular location or group
eccentricity
a behavior that violates cultural norms, but instead of abnormal
abnormal behavior
behavior that is inconsistent with the indiv. developmental, cultural, and societal norms, and creates emotional distress or interferes with daily functioning
dimensional approach
allows understanding of how abnormal behavior varies in severity over time, increasing or decreasing, or how behaviors change from one disorder to another
developmental trajectory
the idea that the common symptoms of a disorder vary according to a person's age
trephination
egyptians used this; to use a circular instrument to cut away sections of the skull to "release evil spirits", treatment for abnormal behaviors
emotional contagion
the automatic mimicry and synchronization of expressions, vocalizations, postures, and movements of one person by another.
animal magnetism
Franz Anton Mesmer; when this flowed freely, the body was in a healthy state; when the flow of this energy force is impeded, a disease resulted
placebo effect
symptoms are diminished or eliminated not bc of any specific treatment but bc the patient believes that a treatment is effective
dementia praecox/schizophrenia
Kraepelin's term for a type of mental illness characterized by mental deterioration
talking cure
a treatment laying the foundation for a new approach to mental disorders; Breuer
psychoanalysis
a comprehensive theory that attempts to explain both normal and abnormal behavior; Freud
defense mechanisms
1. denial 2. displacement 3. intellectualization 4. projection 5. rationalization 6. reaction formation 7. regression 8. repression 9. sublimation 10. suppression 11. undoing
denial
defense mechanism; function- dealing with an anxiety-provoking stimulus by acting as if it doesn't exist; ex- rejecting a physician's cancer diagnosis
displacement
defense mechanism; function- taking out impulses on a less-threatening target; ex- slamming a door instead of hitting someone
intellectualization
defense mechanism; function- avoiding unacceptable emotions by focusing on the intellectual aspects of an event; ex- focusing on a funeral's details rather the sadness of the situation
projection
defense mechanism; function- attributing your own unacceptable impulses to someone else; ex- making a mistake at work but instead of admitting it, blaming it on a coworker whom you call "incompetent"
rationalization
defense mechanism; function- supplying a plausible but incorrect explanation for a behavior rather than the real reason; ex- saying you drink three martinis every night bc it lowers your blood pressure
reaction formation
defense mechanism; function- taking the opposite belief bc the true belief causes anxiety; ex- overtly embracing a particular race to the extreme by someone who is racially prejudiced
regression
defense mechanism; function- under threat, returning to a previous stage of development; ex- not getting a desired outcome results in a temper tantrum
repression
defense mechanism; function- burying unwanted thoughts out of conscious thought; ex- forgetting aspects of a traumatic event
sublimation
defense mechanism; function- acting out unacceptable impulses in a socially acceptable way; ex- acting out aggressive tendencies by becoming a boxer
suppression
defense mechanism; function- pushing unwanted thoughts into the unconscious; ex- actively trying to forget something that causes anxiety
undoing
defense mechanism; function- attempting to take back unacceptable behavior or thoughts; ex- insulting someone then excessively praising him/her
classical conditioning
an unconditioned stimulus produces an unconditioned response. ex- you touch a hot stove (unconditioned stimulus) and immediately withdraw your hand (unconditioned response).
conditioned stimulus
something neutral that doesnt naturally produce the unconditioned response
conditioned response
the salivation that Pavlov's dogs produced when the bell rang (the conditioned stimulus)
behaviorism
John Watson; based on principles that consider all behavior to be learned as a result of experiences or interactions with the environment
scientist-practioner model
when providing treatment, psychologists rely on the findings of research
neurons
brain cells; 100 billion
synapses
the spaces between the neurons
neurotransmitters
neurotransmitters
biological scarring
a process that occurs when years of living with a disorder cause changing in the brain
behavioral genetics
this field was emerged with works by Sir Francis Galton and his 1869 publication, Hereditary Genius.
viral infection theory
proposal of some researchers based on animal models that have found links between early viral infections and later behavioral changes
ego psychology
a contemporary model of psychoanalysis deviated from Freud by increased focus on conscious motivations and healthy forms of human functioning
operant conditioning
behavior occurring without first being elicited by a UCS; using animal models, Skinner demonstrated that behavior could be acquired or changed by events that happened afterwards
reinforcement
the basic principle behind operant theory; a contingent event that strengthens the behavior that precedes it
punishment
decreases or eliminates a behavior
vicarious conditioning
characterized by no trial learning; the person need not actually do the behavior in order to learn it; ex- children watching their parent do something then doing it themselves
common cognitive distortions
1. all-or-nothing thinking 2. overgeneralizing 3. mental filtering 4. disqualifying the positive 5. jumping to conclusions 6. magnifying 7. minimizing 8. catastrophizing 9. reasoning emotionally 10. making "should" statements 11. mislabeling 12. personalizing
All or nothing thinking
a common cognitive distortion; ex- if i don't go to an ivy league school ill be a bum
overgeneralizing
a common cognitive distortion; ex- everything i do is wrong
mental filtering
a common cognitive distortion; ex- the instructor said the paper was good but he criticized my ex on pg 6 he hated the paper
disqualifying the positive
a common cognitive distortion; ex- i got an a but it was pure luck im not that smart
jumping to conclusions
a common cognitive distortion; ex- bank teller barely looked at me she hates me
magnifying
a common cognitive distortion; ex- i mispronounced that word in my speech i really screwed up
minimizing
a common cognitive distortion; ex- i can dance well but its not important- being smart is and im not smart
catastrophizing
a common cognitive distortion; ex- i failed this quiz ill never graduate
reasoning emotionally
i feel hopeless so this situation is hopeless
making "should" statements
a common cognitive distortion; ex- i should get an a in this class even though its really hard
mislabeling
a common cognitive distortion; ex- i failed this quiz im a total idiot
personalizing
a common cognitive distortion; ex- we didnt get that big account at work and it's all my fault
phenomenology
a school of thought that holds that ones subjective perception of the world is more important than the actual world; humanistic model based off this
sociocultural models
propose that abnormal behavior must be understood within the context of social and cultural forces
biopsychosocial perspective
acknowledges that many different factors probably contribute to the development of abnormal behavior and that different factors may be important for different people.
diathesis-stress model of abnormal behavior
the assumption that psychological disorders may have a biological basis
translational research
a scientific approach that focuses on communication between basic science and applied clinical research
beneficence
researchers not only must respect participants decisions and protect them from harm but also must attempt to secure their well-being
central nervous system
consists of the brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
arms legs abdomen?
brain stem
controls most of the fundamental biological functions associated with living, such as breathing
midbrain
portion of the brain stem that is a coordinating center that brings together sensory info with movement and houses the reticular activating system, which regulates our sleep and arousal systems
forebrain
includes the limbic system; midbrain goes up to this
limbic system
includes the amygdala, the cingulate gyrus, and the hippocampus
hippocampus
in the limbic system; memory formation
cerebral cortex
largest part of the forebrain; reasoning, abstract thought, perception of time and creativity
left hemisphere of cerebral cortex
responsible for language and cognitive functions and tends to process info in a more linear and logical manner
right hemisphere of cerebral cortex
right hemisphere of cerebral cortex
temporal lobe
associated with processing and therefore understanding auditory and visual info and plays a role in the naming or labeling of objects and verbal memory
parietal lobe
integrates sensory info from various sources and may also be involved with visuospatial processing
occipital lobe
located at back of skull; center of visual processing
frontal lobe
seat of reasoning and plays critical role in impulse control, judgement, language, memory, motor function, problem solving, and sexual and social behavior.
endocrine system
regulates bodily functions but uses hormones rather than nerve impulses to do so
hormones
chemical messengers released directly into the blood stream and act on target organs
neuroimaging
takes pics of brain
neuroanatomy
brain structure; CAT and MRI technology explores this
familial aggregation
studies that examine whether the family members of someone with a particular disorder are more likely to have that disorder than are family members of people without the disorder
proband
person presenting the disorder
molecular genetics
genomewide linkage analyses, candidate gene association studies, genomewide association studies
Genomewide Linkage Analysis
A technique that uses samples of families with many indiciduals who are ill with the same disorder or large samples of relatives who have the same disorder to identify genomic regions that may hold genes that influence a trait.
Candidate Gene Association Studies
Candidate genes are selected based on empirical or theoretical evidence for involvement
Genomewide association study
large group with well matched control but studies thousands of genetic variations
epigenetics
focuses on heritable changes in the expression of genes, which arent caused by changes in actual dna sequence but rather by environmental exposures
correlations
relationships between different variables or conditions to understand aspects of behavior
correlation coefficient
indicates the directions and strength of the relationship
controlled group designs
expose groups of participants to dif conditions that the investigator manipulates and controls
independent variable
experimenter controls
dependent variable
outcome measure
random assignment
randomly sorting participants into two groups
cohort studies
specific types of group based studies that are used to answer such questions
cohort
a group of people who share a common characteristic and move forward in time as a unit
cross-sectional design
provides a snapshot in time
longitudinal design
a study that takes place over time
epidemiology
focuses on disease patterns in human populations and factors that influence those patterns
prevalence
the total number of cases of a disorder in a given population at a designated time
incidence
the number of new cases that emerge in a given population during a specified period of time
Experimental epidemiology
the scientist manipulates exposure to either causal or preventative factors
clinical assessment
involves a series of steps designed to gather info about a person and his or her environment in order to make decisions about the nature, status, and treatment of psychological problems
screening assessments
identify potential psychological problems or predict the risk of future problems if someone is not referred for further assessment or treatment.
diagnosis
the identification of an illness
differential diagnosis
when clinicians attempt to determine which diagnosis most closely describe the patient's symptoms
clinical significance
how much a patient's symptoms have been reduced
Normative Comparisons
Comparing patients scores to a representative sample of the populations scores
self-referent comparisons
those that equate responses on various instruments with the patient's own prior performance, and they are used most often to examine the course of symptoms over time
reliability
how well the measure produces the same result each time it is used
test-retest reliability
addresses the consistency of scores across time
interrater agreement
a measure of reliability that is important for measures that depend on clinician judgement.
validity
refers to the degree to which a test measures what it was intended to measure
clinical interviews
consist of a convo between the interviewer and a patient to gather info and make judgements related to the assessment goals.
unstructured interview
the clinician decides what questions to ask and how to ask them
structured interview
clinician asks each patient the same standard set of questions w the goal of establishing a diagnosis
personality test
measure personality characteristics
projective tests
Rorschach Inkblot Test and Thematic Apperception Test
intelligence tests
created to predict success in school, and produce an intelligence quotient, or IQ.
functional analysis
clinician attempts to identify casual links between problem behaviors and contextual variables.
self-monitoring
a process in which a patient observes and records his or her own behavior as it happens
behavioral observation
involves measuring behavior as it occurs; someone other than the patient monitors the frequency, duration, and nature of behavior.
behavioral avoidance tests
often used to assess phobias and avoidance behavior by asking a patient to approach a feared situation as closely as possible
psychophysiological assessment
measures brain structure, brain function, and nervous system activity; measures physiological changes in the nervous system that reflect emotional or psychological events
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-1)
the adopted classification system for mental disorders; American Psychiatric Association APA 1952
International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD)
alternative to the DSM classification system; World Health Org WHO- 1992
comorbidity
the presence of more than one disorder
anxiety
a common emotion that is characterized by physical symptoms and thoughts or worries that something bad will happen
Fight or Flight
preparation for action -valuable during emergencies -if prolonged: muscle tension, stomach aches, headaches, and other sickness
Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)
The component of the autonomic nervous system that helps bring the body to a resting state following stressful experiences.
panic attack
an abrupt surge of intense fear or intense discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes and is accompanied by four or more physical symptoms
worry
apprehensive expectations about the future that are considered to be unreasonable in light of the actual situation
Anxiety disorders
phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, ocd, post traumatic stress.
anxiety disorders
the frequency and intensity of anxiety responses are out of proportion to the situations that trigger them, and the anxiety interferes with daily life.
panic disorder
at least one panic attack and worries about having more attacks
Agoraphobia
intense anxiety and panic about being in places from which escape might be difficult or in which help might not be available if panic attack were to occur. 2 or more
generalized anxiety disorder
excessive anxiety and worry occurring more days than not and lasting at least six months
social anxiety disorder
a marked fear of social situations which may involve scrutiny by others
specific phobia
a marked fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation that leads to significant disruption in daily functioning
vasovagal syncope
slow heart rate and low blood pressure Ex. Fainting
behavioral inhibition
a concept first proposed by Jerome Kagan (1982); a temperamental feature that exists in approx. 20% of children; children fail to approach novel people, objects or situations
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
medications that correct serotonin imbalances by increasing the time that serotonin remains in the synapse

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