141 Cards in this Set
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goodness of fit
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understanding behavior within a specific context
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culture
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shared behavioral patterns and life styles that differentiate one group of people from another
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culture-bound syndrome
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term originally used to describe abnormal behaviors that were specific to a particular location or group
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eccentricity
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a behavior that violates cultural norms, but instead of abnormal
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abnormal behavior
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behavior that is inconsistent with the indiv. developmental, cultural, and societal norms, and creates emotional distress or interferes with daily functioning
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dimensional approach
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allows understanding of how abnormal behavior varies in severity over time, increasing or decreasing, or how behaviors change from one disorder to another
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developmental trajectory
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the idea that the common symptoms of a disorder vary according to a person's age
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trephination
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egyptians used this; to use a circular instrument to cut away sections of the skull to "release evil spirits", treatment for abnormal behaviors
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emotional contagion
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the automatic mimicry and synchronization of expressions, vocalizations, postures, and movements of one person by another.
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animal magnetism
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Franz Anton Mesmer; when this flowed freely, the body was in a healthy state; when the flow of this energy force is impeded, a disease resulted
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placebo effect
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symptoms are diminished or eliminated not bc of any specific treatment but bc the patient believes that a treatment is effective
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dementia praecox/schizophrenia
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Kraepelin's term for a type of mental illness characterized by mental deterioration
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talking cure
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a treatment laying the foundation for a new approach to mental disorders; Breuer
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psychoanalysis
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a comprehensive theory that attempts to explain both normal and abnormal behavior; Freud
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defense mechanisms
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1. denial 2. displacement 3. intellectualization 4. projection 5. rationalization 6. reaction formation 7. regression 8. repression 9. sublimation 10. suppression 11. undoing
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denial
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defense mechanism; function- dealing with an anxiety-provoking stimulus by acting as if it doesn't exist; ex- rejecting a physician's cancer diagnosis
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displacement
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defense mechanism; function- taking out impulses on a less-threatening target; ex- slamming a door instead of hitting someone
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intellectualization
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defense mechanism; function- avoiding unacceptable emotions by focusing on the intellectual aspects of an event; ex- focusing on a funeral's details rather the sadness of the situation
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projection
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defense mechanism; function- attributing your own unacceptable impulses to someone else; ex- making a mistake at work but instead of admitting it, blaming it on a coworker whom you call "incompetent"
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rationalization
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defense mechanism; function- supplying a plausible but incorrect explanation for a behavior rather than the real reason; ex- saying you drink three martinis every night bc it lowers your blood pressure
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reaction formation
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defense mechanism; function- taking the opposite belief bc the true belief causes anxiety; ex- overtly embracing a particular race to the extreme by someone who is racially prejudiced
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regression
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defense mechanism; function- under threat, returning to a previous stage of development; ex- not getting a desired outcome results in a temper tantrum
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repression
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defense mechanism; function- burying unwanted thoughts out of conscious thought; ex- forgetting aspects of a traumatic event
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sublimation
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defense mechanism; function- acting out unacceptable impulses in a socially acceptable way; ex- acting out aggressive tendencies by becoming a boxer
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suppression
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defense mechanism; function- pushing unwanted thoughts into the unconscious; ex- actively trying to forget something that causes anxiety
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undoing
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defense mechanism; function- attempting to take back unacceptable behavior or thoughts; ex- insulting someone then excessively praising him/her
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classical conditioning
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an unconditioned stimulus produces an unconditioned response. ex- you touch a hot stove (unconditioned stimulus) and immediately withdraw your hand (unconditioned response).
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conditioned stimulus
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something neutral that doesnt naturally produce the unconditioned response
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conditioned response
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the salivation that Pavlov's dogs produced when the bell rang (the conditioned stimulus)
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behaviorism
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John Watson; based on principles that consider all behavior to be learned as a result of experiences or interactions with the environment
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scientist-practioner model
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when providing treatment, psychologists rely on the findings of research
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neurons
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brain cells; 100 billion
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synapses
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the spaces between the neurons
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neurotransmitters
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neurotransmitters
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biological scarring
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a process that occurs when years of living with a disorder cause changing in the brain
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behavioral genetics
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this field was emerged with works by Sir Francis Galton and his 1869 publication, Hereditary Genius.
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viral infection theory
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proposal of some researchers based on animal models that have found links between early viral infections and later behavioral changes
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ego psychology
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a contemporary model of psychoanalysis deviated from Freud by increased focus on conscious motivations and healthy forms of human functioning
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operant conditioning
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behavior occurring without first being elicited by a UCS; using animal models, Skinner demonstrated that behavior could be acquired or changed by events that happened afterwards
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reinforcement
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the basic principle behind operant theory; a contingent event that strengthens the behavior that precedes it
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punishment
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decreases or eliminates a behavior
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vicarious conditioning
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characterized by no trial learning; the person need not actually do the behavior in order to learn it; ex- children watching their parent do something then doing it themselves
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common cognitive distortions
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1. all-or-nothing thinking 2. overgeneralizing 3. mental filtering 4. disqualifying the positive 5. jumping to conclusions 6. magnifying 7. minimizing 8. catastrophizing 9. reasoning emotionally 10. making "should" statements 11. mislabeling 12. personalizing
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All or nothing thinking
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a common cognitive distortion; ex- if i don't go to an ivy league school ill be a bum
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overgeneralizing
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a common cognitive distortion; ex- everything i do is wrong
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mental filtering
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a common cognitive distortion; ex- the instructor said the paper was good but he criticized my ex on pg 6 he hated the paper
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disqualifying the positive
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a common cognitive distortion; ex- i got an a but it was pure luck im not that smart
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jumping to conclusions
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a common cognitive distortion; ex- bank teller barely looked at me she hates me
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magnifying
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a common cognitive distortion; ex- i mispronounced that word in my speech i really screwed up
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minimizing
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a common cognitive distortion; ex- i can dance well but its not important- being smart is and im not smart
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catastrophizing
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a common cognitive distortion; ex- i failed this quiz ill never graduate
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reasoning emotionally
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i feel hopeless so this situation is hopeless
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making "should" statements
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a common cognitive distortion; ex- i should get an a in this class even though its really hard
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mislabeling
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a common cognitive distortion; ex- i failed this quiz im a total idiot
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personalizing
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a common cognitive distortion; ex- we didnt get that big account at work and it's all my fault
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phenomenology
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a school of thought that holds that ones subjective perception of the world is more important than the actual world; humanistic model based off this
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sociocultural models
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propose that abnormal behavior must be understood within the context of social and cultural forces
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biopsychosocial perspective
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acknowledges that many different factors probably contribute to the development of abnormal behavior and that different factors may be important for different people.
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diathesis-stress model of abnormal behavior
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the assumption that psychological disorders may have a biological basis
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translational research
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a scientific approach that focuses on communication between basic science and applied clinical research
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beneficence
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researchers not only must respect participants decisions and protect them from harm but also must attempt to secure their well-being
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central nervous system
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consists of the brain and spinal cord
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peripheral nervous system
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arms legs abdomen?
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brain stem
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controls most of the fundamental biological functions associated with living, such as breathing
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midbrain
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portion of the brain stem that is a coordinating center that brings together sensory info with movement and houses the reticular activating system, which regulates our sleep and arousal systems
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forebrain
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includes the limbic system; midbrain goes up to this
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limbic system
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includes the amygdala, the cingulate gyrus, and the hippocampus
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hippocampus
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in the limbic system; memory formation
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cerebral cortex
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largest part of the forebrain; reasoning, abstract thought, perception of time and creativity
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left hemisphere of cerebral cortex
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responsible for language and cognitive functions and tends to process info in a more linear and logical manner
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right hemisphere of cerebral cortex
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right hemisphere of cerebral cortex
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temporal lobe
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associated with processing and therefore understanding auditory and visual info and plays a role in the naming or labeling of objects and verbal memory
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parietal lobe
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integrates sensory info from various sources and may also be involved with visuospatial processing
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occipital lobe
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located at back of skull; center of visual processing
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frontal lobe
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seat of reasoning and plays critical role in impulse control, judgement, language, memory, motor function, problem solving, and sexual and social behavior.
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endocrine system
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regulates bodily functions but uses hormones rather than nerve impulses to do so
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hormones
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chemical messengers released directly into the blood stream and act on target organs
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neuroimaging
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takes pics of brain
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neuroanatomy
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brain structure; CAT and MRI technology explores this
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familial aggregation
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studies that examine whether the family members of someone with a particular disorder are more likely to have that disorder than are family members of people without the disorder
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proband
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person presenting the disorder
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molecular genetics
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genomewide linkage analyses, candidate gene association studies, genomewide association studies
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Genomewide Linkage Analysis
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A technique that uses samples of families with many indiciduals who are ill with the same disorder or large samples of relatives who have the same disorder to identify genomic regions that may hold genes that influence a trait.
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Candidate Gene Association Studies
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Candidate genes are selected based on empirical or theoretical evidence for involvement
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Genomewide association study
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large group with well matched control but studies thousands of genetic variations
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epigenetics
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focuses on heritable changes in the expression of genes, which arent caused by changes in actual dna sequence but rather by environmental exposures
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correlations
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relationships between different variables or conditions to understand aspects of behavior
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correlation coefficient
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indicates the directions and strength of the relationship
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controlled group designs
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expose groups of participants to dif conditions that the investigator manipulates and controls
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independent variable
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experimenter controls
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dependent variable
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outcome measure
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random assignment
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randomly sorting participants into two groups
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cohort studies
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specific types of group based studies that are used to answer such questions
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cohort
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a group of people who share a common characteristic and move forward in time as a unit
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cross-sectional design
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provides a snapshot in time
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longitudinal design
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a study that takes place over time
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epidemiology
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focuses on disease patterns in human populations and factors that influence those patterns
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prevalence
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the total number of cases of a disorder in a given population at a designated time
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incidence
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the number of new cases that emerge in a given population during a specified period of time
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Experimental epidemiology
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the scientist manipulates exposure to either causal or preventative factors
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clinical assessment
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involves a series of steps designed to gather info about a person and his or her environment in order to make decisions about the nature, status, and treatment of psychological problems
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screening assessments
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identify potential psychological problems or predict the risk of future problems if someone is not referred for further assessment or treatment.
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diagnosis
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the identification of an illness
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differential diagnosis
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when clinicians attempt to determine which diagnosis most closely describe the patient's symptoms
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clinical significance
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how much a patient's symptoms have been reduced
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Normative Comparisons
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Comparing patients scores to a representative sample of the populations scores
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self-referent comparisons
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those that equate responses on various instruments with the patient's own prior performance, and they are used most often to examine the course of symptoms over time
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reliability
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how well the measure produces the same result each time it is used
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test-retest reliability
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addresses the consistency of scores across time
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interrater agreement
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a measure of reliability that is important for measures that depend on clinician judgement.
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validity
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refers to the degree to which a test measures what it was intended to measure
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clinical interviews
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consist of a convo between the interviewer and a patient to gather info and make judgements related to the assessment goals.
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unstructured interview
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the clinician decides what questions to ask and how to ask them
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structured interview
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clinician asks each patient the same standard set of questions w the goal of establishing a diagnosis
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personality test
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measure personality characteristics
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projective tests
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Rorschach Inkblot Test and Thematic Apperception Test
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intelligence tests
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created to predict success in school, and produce an intelligence quotient, or IQ.
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functional analysis
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clinician attempts to identify casual links between problem behaviors and contextual variables.
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self-monitoring
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a process in which a patient observes and records his or her own behavior as it happens
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behavioral observation
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involves measuring behavior as it occurs; someone other than the patient monitors the frequency, duration, and nature of behavior.
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behavioral avoidance tests
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often used to assess phobias and avoidance behavior by asking a patient to approach a feared situation as closely as possible
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psychophysiological assessment
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measures brain structure, brain function, and nervous system activity; measures physiological changes in the nervous system that reflect emotional or psychological events
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-1)
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the adopted classification system for mental disorders; American Psychiatric Association APA 1952
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International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD)
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alternative to the DSM classification system; World Health Org WHO- 1992
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comorbidity
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the presence of more than one disorder
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anxiety
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a common emotion that is characterized by physical symptoms and thoughts or worries that something bad will happen
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Fight or Flight
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preparation for action
-valuable during emergencies
-if prolonged: muscle tension, stomach aches, headaches, and other sickness
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Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
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Sympathetic nervous system (SNS)
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Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS)
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The component of the autonomic nervous system that helps bring the body to a resting state following stressful experiences.
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panic attack
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an abrupt surge of intense fear or intense discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes and is accompanied by four or more physical symptoms
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worry
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apprehensive expectations about the future that are considered to be unreasonable in light of the actual situation
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Anxiety disorders
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phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, ocd, post traumatic stress.
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anxiety disorders
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the frequency and intensity of anxiety responses are out of proportion to the situations that trigger them, and the anxiety interferes with daily life.
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panic disorder
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at least one panic attack and worries about having more attacks
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Agoraphobia
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intense anxiety and panic about being in places from which escape might be difficult or in which help might not be available if panic attack were to occur. 2 or more
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generalized anxiety disorder
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excessive anxiety and worry occurring more days than not and lasting at least six months
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social anxiety disorder
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a marked fear of social situations which may involve scrutiny by others
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specific phobia
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a marked fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation that leads to significant disruption in daily functioning
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vasovagal syncope
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slow heart rate and low blood pressure
Ex. Fainting
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behavioral inhibition
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a concept first proposed by Jerome Kagan (1982); a temperamental feature that exists in approx. 20% of children; children fail to approach novel people, objects or situations
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selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
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medications that correct serotonin imbalances by increasing the time that serotonin remains in the synapse
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