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PSYC 101: EXAM 1
Psychology |
Scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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Behavioral neuroscience
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How biological body processes influence behavior
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Experimental psychology
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Studies the processes of sensing, perceiving, learning, and thinking about the world
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Developmental psychology
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How people grow and change through development
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Social psychology
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How people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others
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Health psychology
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Relationship between psychological factors and physical ailments/disease
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Counseling psychology
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Focuses on educational, social, and career adjustment problems
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Clinical psychology
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Study, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders
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Where do psychologists work?
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Schools, institutions, private practice, businesses, government organizations
Social services
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PhD vs. PsyD
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PhD - emphasis is on researching
PsyD - emphasis is on applying research
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Significance of 1879
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Beginning of psychology
Wundt opened first psychology research lab
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Structuralism
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Focuses on uncovering the fundamental mental components of consciousness, thinking, and other kinds of mental states and activities
Wundt
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Wilhelm Wundt
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Developed first laboratory in 1879
Founder of psychology
Structuralism
Instrospection
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Introspection |
Procedure used to study the structure of the mind in which subjects are asked to describe in detail what they are experiencing when they are exposed to a stimulus
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Functionalism
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Early approach to psych that concentrated on what the mind does and the role of behavior in allowing people to adapt to their environments
What the mind does and how behavior functions
Prominent in 1900s
James, Dewey, Ebbinghaus, Wertheimer
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Neuroscience/biological perspectives
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Views behavior from the perspective of biological functioning
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Psychodynamic perspectives
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Behavior is motivated by inner, unconscious forces over which a person has little control
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Behavioral perspectives
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Focuses on observable behavior
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Cognitive perspectives
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Examines how people think about the world
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Humanistic perspectives
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People can control their behavior and that they naturally try to reach their full potential
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Sociocultural perspectives
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Stresses the importance of social norms and culture
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Nature vs nurture
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How much of behavior is due to heredity vs environment
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Conscious vs unconscious
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How much of behavior is aware vs unaware
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Observable vs inner processes
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How much of behavior can be seen and documented vs unseen thinking processes
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Determinism vs free will
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How much of behavior is based on factors beyond person's control vs choices made by the person
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Individual differences vs universal principles
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How much of behavior is based on unique and special qualities of a person vs culture and society in which we live
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Scientific method
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Approach through which psychologists systematically acquire knowledge and understanding about behavior and other phenomena of interest
1. Identify question
2. Formulate hypothesis
3. Carry out research
4. Communicate findings
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Theory
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Broad explanation concerning phenomena of interest
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Hypothesis |
A prediction, stemming from a theory, stated in a way that allows it to be tested
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Operational definition
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Translation of a hypothesis into specific, testable procedures that can be measured and observed
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Archival research
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Existing data are examined to test a hypothesis |
Case study
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In-depth, intensive investigation of an individual or small group of people
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Naturalistic observation (ethnography)
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Research in which an investigator simply observes some naturally occurring behavior and does not make a change in the situation
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Survey research
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People chosen to represent a larger population are asked a series of questions about their behavior, thoughts, or attitudes
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Correlational research
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Relationship between two sets of variables is examined to determine if they are associated
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Experimental research
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Investigation of the relationship between two or more variables by deliberately producing a change in one variable in a situation and observing the effects of that change on other aspects of the situation
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Experimental manipulation
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Change that an experimenter deliberately produces in a situation
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Treatment
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Manipulation implemented by the experimenter
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Experimental group
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Receives treatment
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Control group
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Receives no treatment
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Independent variable
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Manipulated |
Dependent variable
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Measured and changes based on the independent variable
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Random selection and random assignment
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Participants are assigned to different experimental groups on the basis of chance and chance alone
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Significant outcome and replication
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Meaningful results that make it possible for researchers to feel confident that they have confirmed their hypothesis
Experiment is able to be repeated
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Ethical research
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Protection from physical and psychological harm
Right to privacy
Participation is voluntary
Informed consent
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Experimental bias
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Factors that distort how the independent variable affects the dependent variable in an experiment
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Double-blind procedure
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Neither the staff nor the participants know whether participants received treatment or placebo
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Placebo |
False treatment
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Blind procedure
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Participants do not know whether they are receiving treatment or placebo
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Valid research
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What was the purpose?
What type of research method was used?
What claims are made based on the results?
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Human participant issues
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Participants tend to be white and middle-class
College students:
Younger, better educated, less well-formed attitudes, influenced by peers/authority
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Non-human participant issues
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Controversial
Shorter lifespan
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Neurons |
Nerve cells, basic elements of the nervous system
As many as 1 trillion
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Dendrite
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Cluster of fibers at one end of a neuron that receives messages
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Cell body
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Contains nucleous, RER, and dendrites
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Axon |
Carries messages destined for other neurons
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Myelin sheath
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Protective coat of fat and protein around the axon
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Terminal buttons
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Small bulges at the end of axons that send messages
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All-or-none law
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Neurons either fire or they don't
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Resting state
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State in which there is a negative electrical charge of about -70 millivolts within a neuron
Stimulus causes depolarization
Must go over threshold to fire
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Action potential
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An electric nerve impulse that travels through a neuron's axon when it is set off by a "trigger" changing the neuron's charge from negative to positive
Anything above the threshold
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Mirror neurons
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Specialized neurons that fire not only when a person enacts a particular behavior but also when a person simply observes another individual carrying out the same behavior
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Synapse
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Space between two neurons where the axon of a sending neuron communicates with the dendrites of a receiving neuron
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Neurotransmitter
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Chemicals that carry messages across the synapse to a receiver neuron
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Excitatory message
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Chemical message that makes it more likely that a receiving neuron will fire
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Inhibitory message
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Chemical message that prevents or decreases the likelihood that a receiving neuron will fire
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Reuptake |
Reabsorption of neurotransmitters by a terminal button
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
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Acetylcholine
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Involved in motor control, memory, and cognition
Alzheimer's
Muscle paralysis
Released by nicotine
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Glutamate
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Jittery, alert
Opposite of GABA
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Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)
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Opposite of glutamate
Inhibitory
Eating, aggression, sleeping
Released when drinking
Anxiety disorders
Huntington's
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Dopamine (DA)
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Motor control, attention, reward, emotions
Parkinson's (too little)
Schizo (too much)
ADHD
Reward causes dopamine to be released
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Serotonin
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Regulation of mood, wake/sleep cycles, attention
Depression
SSRIs
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Endorphins
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Endogenous morphine
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Role of neurotransmitters in behavior and illness
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Maintain vital brain & body functions
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Central nervous system
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Brain and spinal cord
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Sensory neurons (afferent)
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Carries message to the CNS
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Motor neurons (efferent)
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Carries messages from CNS to muscles and glands
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Interneurons
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Mediate connections between neurons
Bridges
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Peripheral nervous system
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Somatic division - voluntary
Autonomic division - involuntary (smooth muscles and glands)
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Somatic division
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Voluntary movement
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Autonomic division
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Involuntary movement
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Sympathetic division
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Involuntary
Fight or flight |
Parasympathetic division
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Involuntary
Calms body after emergency
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Biofeedback
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Controls blood pressure, heart and respiration, skin temperature, sweating
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Electroencephalogram (EEG)
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Sleep research
Brain waves involved in sleep
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Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
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Records both function and structure of the brain by taking images in rapid succession
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Positron emission tomography (PET)
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Records location of radioactive substances injected into bloodstream
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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
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Strong magnetic field directed at a very small region of the brain
Studies function of brain
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Hindbrain |
Medulla
Pons
Cerebellum |
Medulla
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Control breathing and heartbeat
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Pons
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Transmitter of motor information
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Cerebellum |
Controls balance
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Reticular formation
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Passes through midbrain into forebrain
Activates other parts of the brain to produce bodily arousal
Responsible for responding to stimuli
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Thalamus
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Relays information from senses
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Hypothalamus
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Controls hunger, thirst, sexual activity, temperature control
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Limbic system
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Amygdala and hippocampus
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Amygdala
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Emotion and aggression
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Hippocampus
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Forming memories and learning
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Cerebral cortex
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Gives ability to think, evaluate, and make complex judgments
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Frontal lobes
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Planning
Memory search
Motor processing
Reasoning
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Parietal lobes
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Attention
Spatial location
Somatosensory processing
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Temporal lobes
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Language
Sound processing
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Temporal lobes
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Visual processing
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Motor area
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Responsible for body's voluntary movement
Frontal lobe
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Somatosensory area
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Corresponds to body sensations
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Broca's aphasia
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Problems speaking
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Wernicke's aphasia
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Problems understanding speech
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Neuroplasticity |
Brain continually reorganizes itself
Ability of neurons to change in structure and function
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Neurogenesis
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Creation of new neurons throughout life
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Left hemisphere specialization
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Language processing
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Right hemisphere specialization
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Spatial relationships
Recognition of patterns and drawings
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Split-brain operation
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Cut corpus callosum so sides can't communicate
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