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PHIL 100: EXAM 1
Validity |
if all the premises are true, the conclusion must be true
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Soundness |
validity and all true premises, conclusion is always true
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Valid, not sound( If A then B<~b<*A)
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1.Joey is a dog or he has blond hair is this valid?
2.Joey does not have blond hair
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*joey is a dog
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Valid not sound ( If A then B<~b<*A)
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1. If it is raining, then you would see water is this valid?
2. You do not see water.
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*It is not raining
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Not Valid Not sound (If A then B<~A<*~B)
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1. If James is a father, James is a male is this valid?
2.James is not a father
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* James is not a male
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Not Valid Not sound (If A then B<~A<*~B)
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1. John is rich, then he has $1 is this valid?
2. John is not rich
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*James does not have a dollar
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Ad hominen
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Fallacies
"At the person"
Newt Gingerich had so many affairs, how could he possibly run our country?
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Slippery Slope
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Fallacies
-assume that a certain step will lead to a conflict therefore you don't
You take one toke of marijuana, you will become a crackhead
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False Dilemma
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Fallacies
-Happens when we reduce several possibilities to two alternatives.
Suppose two people are lost in the woods. They flip a coin to decide whether to go east or west. They head east and it's the wrong way. They then assume west is the right way.
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Straw Man
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Fallacies
-someone ignores the evidence for a position and instead attacks a lesser position.
In the heat of debate on whether our nation should reduce its military spending, a militarist might argue that his opponent wants to leave our nation unarmed.
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Fallacy of Composition
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Fallacies
-all parts have a certain feature, this doesn't mean the whole of all the parts has the same feature
Every athlete on the team is good, therefore the team must be good.
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Practical Person(Russel)
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Values only material/ bodily goods
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Instinctive Person(Russel)
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self-interests, owns peronal well being
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Epistemology |
The study of knowledge
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Empiricism (David Hume)
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Knowledge is grounded in experience
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A posterior
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based on experience
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Rationalism (Descartes)
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based on reason
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A priori
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prier knowledge
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Foundationalism (descartes)
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no belief is stronger than what it is based on
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Method of doubt(descartes)
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the search for absolute certainty
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1.illusion
2.possibility of dreaming
3. manipulation by the evil demon
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Stages of Method of doubt
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Mathematics and geometry
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What gets through the method of doubt?
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"I think therefore I am"
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Cogito ergo sum
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If you constantly have a high standar of certainty your knowledge will be unsufficient, a life filled with uncertainty
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Problems of Method of Doubt
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Impressions (sensations)
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(Hume's Empiricism)
More lively, forceful, vivacious perceptions
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Ideas |
(Humes Empiricism)
Less lively, forceful vivacious perceptions
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experience(impressions)
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All ideas are derived from ________________?
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Reduction argument (empiricism)
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All ideas, no matter how abstract or imaginative, can be reduced to simpler ideas that are clearly copies of fimple impressions.
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Sense Organ Argument (empiricism)
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the ability to have certain ideas depend on having the corresponding sense organ working.
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Matter of fact knowledge
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any claim you can't know without the experience of the actual claim
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Casual Reasoning
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All matter of fact knowledge depends on casual reasoning
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Principle of the Uniformity of Nature( P.U.N)
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All inductive reason rest on the idea of_______?
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Physicalism(Descartes)
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There is fundamentally only physical substances
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Substance Dualism(Descartes)
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There is fundamentally two kinds of substances :mental and physical
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Idealism (descartes)
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There is fundamentally only one kind of substance :mental
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Conceivability Argument for substance dualism
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1. It is conceivable that the mind exist without the body
2. If it is possibly that the mind exist without the body, then the mind and body are NOT one and the same.
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*The mind is distinct from the body
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Three Versions of Physicalism
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1.Reductive
2.Non-reductive
3.eliminative
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Reductive Physicalism
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rely's on mental ground
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Non-reductive Functionalism
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mental thoughts are distinct from physical identity
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Eliminative Physicalism
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Worlds mentally physical, mental mind doesn't exist
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Problem with m
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...... |