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GEOG 102: STUDY GUIDE
Landforms making border between Asia and Europe
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Ural Mountains
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Five major landforms in region (east to west)
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North European Plain, Ural Mountains, West Siberian Plain, Central Siberian Plateau, mountainous zone bordering the Pacific
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Most heavily settled part of region
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European Russia
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Russia's semiarid grasslands
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Steppes |
Northern Russia's coniferous forests
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Taiga |
Russian Empire arose from north-central region after arrival of this ethnic group
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Slav - maybe Russian
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Army of nomadic warriors who conquered Russia in 12th Century
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Mongols |
Faction of Communist revolutionaries who came to power in the Russian Revolution in 1917
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Bolsheviks |
Leader of Bolsheviks when they came to power
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Lenin |
Leader of the Soviet Union exalted heavy industry and collectivization of agriculture (31 years of rule)
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Stalin |
Open discussion of political and social problems initiated near the end of Soviet Union
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Glosnost |
Restructuring of the economy initiated near the end of Soviet Union
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Perestroika |
Economy in which resources, production, and distribution allocated and manged entirely by state planners
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Command economy
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Industries owned by the government are sold to private companies or individuals
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Privatization
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People who have gotten wealthy through the acquisition of discounted government assets
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Oligarchs
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In what industries did oligarchs make their fortunes?
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Oil and natural gas
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Resources making up primary exports of Russia's economy
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Oil and natural gas
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Rich in Russia
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Changes taking place: separating politics and big business
Relationship between business and politics: politics are not helping the economy, only blaming big business
Success of capitalism: completeness of separation
Downfall of capitalism: distribution, rich got richer
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Russian republic declared independence in 1991
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Chechnya
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Ethnic group dominated nearly every aspect of life in Soviet Union
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Russian |
Dominant religion of Central Asia
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Islam
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Russia/independent states have what pollution
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Nuclear
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Large Central Asian lake shrunk during Soviet era because of irrigation
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Aral Sea
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Three climatic effects brought about by shrinkage of Aral Sea
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Extreme temperature changes
Decrease in water via rain/snow
Shirking of glaciers
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Island on the Edge
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Locals upset about: Shell Oil destroying natural resources
Multinational corp attempting to improve environmental image: Shell Sakhalin
Russian oil and gas company took over Shell Sakhalin: Gazprom
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Industry on which South Sinai is dependent
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Tourism
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Commonality between Judaism, Christianity, and Islam
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Monotheistic
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Desert expanse in North Africa
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Sahara |
Biggest resource crisis facing the region in 21st century
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Lack of water
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When did countries in region gain independence?
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After WWII
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Controlled region before independence
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Ottoman Empire, then France and Britain
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Cause of ethnic and religious diversity across the region today
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Many different languages
Birthplace of three religions
Many countries past and present
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Colonization of the region
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Trade routes by the Suez Canal
Oil
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Suez Canal
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A canal in Egypt, connecting Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea
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Balfour Declaration
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Favored the establishment of a national home for Jews in the Palestine territory without prejudice against existing non-Jewish communities
British promised Israel would be a state in 1917
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Two key roadblocks in peace negotiations between Israel and Palestine
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Large number of displaced Palestinian refugees want to go back to Israel
Israeli settlers are creating new settlements in and near Palestinian territory
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Proportion of people in North Africa and Southwest Asia subscribing to Islam
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93%
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Largest Muslim population today
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Saudi Arabia
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Five pillars of Islam
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Belief in Allah as the only God and Muhammad as his prophet
Daily prayer at five designated times
Fasting during Ramadan
Alms-giving of at least 2.5%
Pilgrimage to Mecca during 12th month
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Arabic is official language of all North African and Southwest Asian countries except
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Iran, Turkey, and Israel
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OPEC |
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Cooperate to periodically restrict or increase oil production
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Body of water covering world's largest oil reserve
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Persian Gulf
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Reasons that oil countries in the 70s couldn't generate an industrial revolution
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Did not invest in diversifying economies
Did not invest in social or educational programs to raise up a middle class
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Arab Spring
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Rebellions in 2010 and 2011 in many countries in the region
Dictatorship, government corruption, economic decline, unemployment, extreme poverty, distribution of wealth
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Europe can be described as a region of ___ upon ___.
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peninsulas upon peninsulas
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What is the largest landform in Europe?
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North European Plain
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What are the names of 2 major rivers in Europe?
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Rhine & Danube
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What are the 3 main climate types in Europe?
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Temperate Midlatitude, Mediterranean, Humid Continental
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What climate type dominates Eastern Europe and consist of hot summers and long, cold winters?
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cool humid climate
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What is the name of the Current that brings warm water and large amounts of rain to the coast of Europe?
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North Atlantic Drift (The Gulf Stream)
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Which country surplus most of the fuel for the European Union's 27 members?
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Russia |
Which countries in Europe have the highest levels of air pollution?
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Former communist states of central and north europe
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What are the nearly landlocked seas in the region?
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Baltic, Mediterranean & Black seas
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How long does it take for water to flush out of the Mediterranean?
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80 years
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The practices of agriculture and animal husbandry spread to Europe from what pair of world regions?
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The Tigris and Euphrates River valleys in Southwest Asia and from farther east in Central Asia and beyond
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What occurred during the age of exploration?
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Many European countries explored and conquered the world. This caused colonies to be formed and to increase wealth
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What helped to fund Europe's industrial revolution?
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The mass production of sugar
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What is the significance of the French Revolution?
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led to first major inclusion of common people in political processes in Europe
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What were the processes that led to Europe's "difficult" 20th century?
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WWI, WWII, Cold War, Decolonization
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How many people died in WWI & WWII
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WW1- at least 20 million
WWII- 70 million
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What process does the creation of the EU formalize?
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an attempt to unite Europe economically, socially and politically
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What are among the core ideas of the EU?
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Universal values of human dignity, freedom, equality and solidarity(Rule of Law, Human Rights, Respect for Minorities) Economic Independence
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What was the predecessor of the EU?
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European Economic Community
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What are three governing institutions within the EU?
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1. European Commission
2. European Parliament
3. Council of European Union
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What is the Schengen Accord?
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an agreement signed in the 1990s by the EU and many of its neighbors that called for free movement across common borders
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What is an "economy of scale"?
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reductions in the unit costs of production that occur when goods and services are efficiently mas produced, resulting in increase profits per unit
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What landform serves as the border between Asia and Europe?
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Ural Mountains
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What are the 5 major landforms in Russian region moving from west to east?
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North European Plain, Ural Mountains, West Siberian Plain, Central Siberian Plateau, Mountainous Zone bordering the Pacific
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In which landforms can permafrost be found?
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The West Siberian Plain, Central Siberian Plateau
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What term is used to represent Russia's semiarid grasslands?
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Steppes
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What term refers to the coniferous forests found in northern Russia?
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Taiga |
What is the significance of the city Dzerzhinsk?
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former chemical weapons manufacturing center, listed as most chemically polluted city in the world
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What happened in Chernobyl?
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World’s worst nuclear disaster in 1986, explosion severely contaminated a vast area in northern Ukraine, southern Belarus and Russia
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What is happening to the Aral sea?
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declining and disappearing
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Ivan IV led which group to conquer the Mongols?
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Slavs
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When did the Russian Empire begin?
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1552
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Where is St. Basil's Cathedral located?
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Moscow |
What is a czar?
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powerful leaders during the Russian Empire
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What is the name of the communist revolutionaries who came to power in the 1917 Russian Revolution? What was the name of the leader that came to power?
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Bolsheviks; Vladimir Lenin
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Which Soviet leader sought rapid industrialization and a command economy?
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Joseph Stalin
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What is the name for the process whereby industries owned by the government are sold to private companies or individuals?
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Privatization
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What is the name for the people who have gotten wealthy through their acquisition of discounted government assets, such as factories and resources?
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Oligarchs |
what resources make up the primary exports of Russia's economy?
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oil and natural gas
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what is GAZPROM?
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state owned energy company in Europe, tenth largest oil and gas entity in the world
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Ancient Chinese system that ties rural people to their place of birth
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Huko System
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(True/False) There is a growing disparity between East Asia's poor rural populations and the booming, overcrowded urban centers.
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True
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Which country is operated as an independent country since WWII but is claimed as a province by China?
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Taiwan
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The tectonic collision between Indian subcontinent with the southern edge of Eurasia produced what?
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The Himalayas
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What represents East Asia's landforms?
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A series of steps descending from west to east
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What describes East Asia's two climate zones?
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Dry interior and a wet east
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Characteristic of landform of the western part of East Asia
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Grasslands and desert
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What two East Asian countries have wet climate year round due to their proximity to the sea?
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Korea and Japan
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Important leader of China's Communist Party
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Mao Zedong
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Mao Zedong's 1966 campaign to punish dissenters and other opponents of the Chinese Revolution
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Cultural Revolution
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When did Korea split up?
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Following WWII
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What is the large island off the southern coast of India
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Siri Lanka
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First agricultural communities in South Asia were known as...
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Harappa
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Country with the most people vulnerable to the affects of the rise of the sea level
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Bangladesh |
Turkic Persians who invaded India in 1526
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Mughals
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Primary legacy left by Mughals
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Islam
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Who in the 19th century was the great colonial power in India?
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Great Britain
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Where is Sarawak located?
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Borneo
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Low lands of Sarawak were clear cut to make room for what
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Palm oil plantations
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The climate of Southeast Asia is best described as what?
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Tropical or subtropical
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Which Southeast Asian is an archipelago composed of 17000 islands
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Indonesia |
Tsunami of 2004 was triggered by an earthquake just north of where?
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Sumatra
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What interrupts the normal climate patterns in Southeast Asia every 2-7 years?
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El Niño
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What country did not establish colonies in Southeast Asia?
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Russia |