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What is language?
A system of shared symbols by a group of people. two most widely spoken languages: Mandarin Chinese and English
Phonology
The study of the sound system of language. The way words are pronounced and sound
Semantics
The study of meaning--that is how words communicate a message. Ex. Some people call a winter hat a toboggin and others call a toboggin a sled.
Syntactics
Rules to combining words into meaningful sentences Ex: The red car hit the blue car...is different that "the blue car hit the red car".
Pragmatics (Meaning)
Context of a word or sentence. A non-native speaker of English may reply to "Do you know what time is it?", with only "yes." not realizing this is not the correct response.
The "Power" Effects of Labels
- How we refer to others who are different from us. Can be mis-representative and can represent class (social structure)
cultural differences in language
speaking vs writing face to face vs written communication - getting away from the written skills, but rely more on the written communication through technology
high context
Most of the message is physical. emphasis direct message without directly stating it
Low context
Majority of meaning and info in the verbal message. Most valued in US
Code switching
We may change communication style for another culture. Changing from one language/ comm style to another.
Indirect
conflict should be avoided
direct
conflict is a good thing and should be approached head on
elaborated
rich language, many metaphorical expressions. ex: in some cultures simple answers "yes" or no arent enough. If host asks if you're still hungry you can't simply say "No", you must say "I am very full! I feel like I'm going to burst."
Understated
Silence is valued. "If you can't say anything good, don't say anything at all." Amish people usually use this style of comm
What is Linguistics?
The study of Language
Third culture style
People from different cultures can create a style that is unlike either of native cultures
argot
code language outsiders dont understand
Multilingual
Speaking more than 2 languages
interlanguage
type of communication emerges when native speakers of one language are overlapping into another language
Translation
process of producing a written text that refers to something said in another language.
Interpretation
Refers to the process of verbally expressing what is said in another language.
Non-verbal comm
Comm through means other than verbal language
Non-verbal vs. verbal
Both meaning, symbolic, patterned Depend on context/situation Non-verbal- learned unconsciously, not formally taught (harder to correct) verbal- easier to correct
Learning non-verbal beh
Often learned by watching and mimicking other -can learn/ adapt new ways
Coordinating non-verbal (reinforce)
Verbal/non-v= verbal match Ex: Smiling when saying I am so happy for you
Coord. non-verbal (substitute)
Using non-verb instead of verbal. Ex: When asked if everything is okay, you reply with a nod.
Non-verb comm. Relational messages
Our feelings toward another person
Non-v comm. Status
Position in social system
Non-v comm Deception
Deceiving other if you're good at pretending
Paralinguistics
Vocal beh (not words) Volume-tone of voice expresses emotions. Includes Parawords "filler words" (like, um, uh,)
Personal space
Territory of space between ourselves and others (our personal bubble) Contact cultures like close distances "normal" Non-contact cultures- maintain distance
Eye contact
To regulate distance more eye contact= > perceived closeness respect/status signal talking turns Valued in US
Facial Expression
Emotion. Majority of emo can be viewed by facial exp. Harder to control
Gestures
Arm movements
Emblems
Specific verbal translations "nodding for yes"
Illustrators
Go along with speech. "clapping when excited... or directions by pointing"
Regulators
Control conversation "putting finger to lip to indicate silence"
Adaptors
Managing emotion tapping pencil when bored twirling hair when nervous
Chronemics
Study of time in non-verb. comm
Monochronic
Time is linear (lost or gained) exists or doesnt
Polychronic
Hollistic/circular. Always time later.
Neighborhood
Living space influenced by similar ID (ethnic ect..)
Regionalism
larger scale cult space (east coast/west coast)
Cyberspace
Online culture space
Traveling
Visiting new culture can influence return/ can bring back culture
Migration
moving to new culture. can be intentional/force
Dynamic cultural space
People are More transcient We changing spaces more often now due to increased transportation ability
Mono time
One thing at a time task oriented schedule value punctionality
Poly time
Doing many things at once appt. are flex. time is less tangiable people are more important than schedules
Pop culture "mainstream"
Cultural activities/ products reflecting, suited or aimed at taste of general masses of people.
3 ways pop culture is advertised
1.media-magazines..ect 2.entertainment- new technologies (apple) ect 3. Music- for a profit (focus on general masses)
4 characteristics of pop culture
1. Produced by cultural industries (capital system)- bought/sold 2. Is different than folk cultures(which isnt driven by $)... where rituals maintain membership, not making $ 3. is everywhere- school, gym,ect but we have some choice of our consumption 4. fulfills a social fx, reveals …
Video notes from ted-talks on Arab worl
Compares American "barbie: with Arab "fulla:. Talks about new tv show 4Shabab- wants people to be inspired to live life better via music, The 99- Islam superheros rescue from neg images "borrowed from AM. culture"

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