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PSYC 101: Exam 3
Developmental Psychology
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the study of continuity and change across the life span
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Insufficient Nutirtion
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the children of mothers who received insufficient nutrtions have physical and psychological problems
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teratogens
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agents that damage the process of development
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Fetal Alcohol syndrome
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a developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy;
- low birth weight, distinctive facial features, brain abnormalities and cognitive deficits
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New borns
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- poor sight; habituate to visual stimuli
- mimic facial expressions within the first hour of life
- must strengthen their muscles and work on motor development
(everyone has a different time span on this)
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Cephalocaudal rule
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"top to bottom" describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the head to the feet
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proximodistal rule
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"inside to outside" describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from the center to the periphery
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piaget's stages of cognitive development
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- sensorimotor stage
- pre-operational
- concrete operational
- formal operational
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sensorimotor
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infants aquire info about the world by sensing it and moving around within it
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Schemas
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theories about or models of the way the world works
(sensorimotor development)
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Assimilation
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the process by which infants apply their schemas in novel situations
(sensorimotor development)
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Accomodation
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the process by which infants revise their schemas in light of new information
(sensorimotor development)
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Pre-operational
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have a preliminary understanding of the physical world
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Egocentrisim
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the failure to understand that the world appears differently to different observers
- observed during pre-operational stage
- false-belief test
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concrete operational
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11-Jun
- children learn how various actions or operations can affect or transform concrete objects
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conservation
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the notion that the quantitative properties of an object are invariant despite changes in the object's appearance
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formal operational
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11+
can solve non-physical problems
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theory of mind
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idea that human behavior is guided by mental representations
- Language is important for development
- children with autism and deaf children have difficulties
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vygotksy
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believed children develop through interactions with member of his/her own culture
usage of cultural tools (language)
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joint attention
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the ability to focus on what another person is focused on
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attachment
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(bowlby: argued that infants channel signals to primary caregivers to form)
- the emotional bond that forms between newborns and their primary caregivers (cooing, crying, laughing)
*strange situation
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secure attachment
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when the caregiver returns, infants who had been distressed by their abscence go to her and are calmed by proximity
- act as though they are certain caregiver will respond
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avoidant
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generally not distressed when their caregiver leaves the room, and generally do not acknowledge return
- certain caregiver will not respond
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Ambivalent
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children almost always distressed when their caregiver leaves the room, but then rebuff their caregivers attempt to calm them upon return
- uncertain about caregiver will respond or not
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Disorganized
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no consistent pattern of response when the caregiver leaves or returns
(associated with abused children)
- confused about caregivers
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internal working model of relationships
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set of beliefs about the self, the primary caregiver, and the relationship between them
children keep track ;of the responsiveness of their primary caregiver and use this information to create the internal
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kohlberg's 3 stages of moral development
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pre conventional stage
conventional
post conventional
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pre conventional stage
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morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor
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Conventional stage
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morality of action is determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules (laws)
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Post conventional stage
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morality of an action determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values
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brain changes in puberty
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early period of synaptic proliferation is followed by a period of synaptic pruning in which those connections that are not frequently used are eliminated
- Use it or lose it
- frontal lobe is last to develop
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trait
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relatively stable dispostion to behave in a particular and consistent way
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personality
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an individual's characteristic style of behaving, thinking, and feeling
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big five traits
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the traits of a five-factor model
OCEAN
1 openness to experience
2 conscientiousness
3 extraversion
4 agreeableness
5 neuroticism
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psychodynamic approach
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- sigmund froyd
- regards personality as formed by needs, striving, and desires largely operating outside of awareness
- proposed that the mind consists of three independent systems that determine the personality's structure
- id
- ego
- superego
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Id
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part of the mind containing the drives present at birth; source of our bodily needs, wants, desires, and impulses, particularly our sexual and agressive drives
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superego
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system that reflects the internalization of cultural rules, mainly learned as parents excercise their authority
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ego
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developed through contact with the external world, that enables us to deal with life's practical demands
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Defense mechanisms
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unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable impulses
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rationalization
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- explanation for unacceptable feelings and behavior to conceal one's underlying motives or feelings
- student drops class after failed exam bc of "poor ventilation"
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reaction formation
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- unconsciously replacing threatening inner wishes and fantasies with an exaggerated version of their opposite
- excessively nice to someone you don't like
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projection
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attributing one's own threatening feelings, motives, or impulses to another person or group
- putting your qualities on someone else
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regression
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ego deals with internal conflict and perceived threat by reverting to an immature behavior or earlier stage of development
- thumb sucking in response to something distressing
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Displacement
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shifting unacceptable wishes or drives to a neutral or less threatening alternative
- bad day at work mad at boss, take out on wife
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identification
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deal with feelings of threat and anxiety by enabling us to unconsciously take on the characteristics of another person who seems more powerful or able to cope
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sublimation
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channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive drives into socially acceptable and culturally enhancing activities
- football and rugby
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psychosexual stages
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distinct early life stages throgh which personality is formed as children experience sexual pleasures from specific body areas (erotogenic zone) and caregivers redirect or interfere with those pleasures
1. fixation
2. oral
3. anal
4. phallic
5. latency
6. genital
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oral fixation
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phenomenon in which a person's pleasure-seeking drives become psychologically stuck, or arrested, at a particular psychosexual stage
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oedipus conflict
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child's conflicting feelings toward the opposite-sex parent and are usually resolved by identifying with the same-sex parent
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humanistic psychologists
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emphasize a positive optimistic view of human nature; goodness and potential for growth
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existentialist psychologists
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focus on the individual as responsible agent, negotiating the issue of meaning and the reality of death
- regards personality as governed by an individuals ongoing choices and decisions in the context of the realities of life and death
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maslowe's hierarchy of needs
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physiological needs
safety and security
belongingness and love
esteem needs
need for self-actualization
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self-actualizing tendency
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human motive toward realizing our inner potential
flow
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flow
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engagement in tasks that exactly match one's abilities creates a mental state of energized focus
boredom>anxiety
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social cognitive approach
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views personality in terms of how the person thinks about the situations encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them
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locus of control
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person's tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment
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self-concept
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person's explicit knowledge of his or her own behaviors, traits, and other personal characteristics
stable and promotes consistency in behavior
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self-esteem
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extent to which an individual likes, values, and accepts the self
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