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1BIO401 ImmunobiologyBOOK – Kuby 6thEdition*EXAMS - 4 exams = 450 points - Cumulative Final = - Quizzes – 50 pointsTOTAL: 500 pointsFINAL GRADE:Lab: 25% (300 points)Lecture: 75% (500 points)Immunobiology• Office hour – After class or by appointment• 1 hour exams• Trip to Washington DC  Dr. Nieto? • Exams  returned within 1 week• If concerns - 1 week to check with me. Follow the syllabus’s guidelines!!• Review the whole exam• No cell phones• Be on time – back door!Questions?Readiness Exam1. Mention a difference between a Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria2. Provide one example of innate immunity?3. What is a difference between an antigen and an antibody?4. What cells produce antibodies?5. What cell(s) carry out phagocytosis?The immune system:“A system of cells, tissues, and fluids that function to protect the body from invasion by a wide range of organisms - including viruses, bacteria, protozoans, fungi and worm”E.coli bacteria adhering to epithelial cells of the urinary tract.-How important is the immune system?Individuals with significant defects in immunity (e.g. AIDS, genetically inherited syndromes - “boy in the bubble”) - succumb rapidly to infection.- Gamma chain- ADA (adenosine deaminase)David Vetter2The Immune SystemFunctions:-1) Recognition ----------- Effector Response-2) Two Immunity Systems: a) Innateb) Acquired/AdaptiveVaccination  ImmunologySmallpox• Organism?• History• Vaccinationhttp://www.immunisation.org.uk/history.html14th– 17thcenturies : variolation used in China-Powdered scabs of smallpox pustules were inhaled (or rubbed into scratches in the skin) to protect from smallpox 17thcentury – practice spread to Turkish regions1718 – Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, wife of the British ambassador to Constantinople, allowed her children to be treated with this procedure  EuropeVariolationEdward Jenner3- Meanwhile, it was commonly believed that milkmaids who had had cowpox were resistant tosmallpox.- Cowpox is a relatively benign disease in bothhumans and cows.- 1774 – Edward Jenner inoculated individuals with cowpox in order to protect them from smallpox.Individuals receiving the cowpox did not developsmallpox in subsequent outbreaks of the disease. Why?Edward Jennerhttp://www.immunisation.org.uk/history.htmlVaccination vs. variolation- No risk of smallpox- Fewer side effectsBy 1800, vaccination was widely accepted.http://www.medinfo.ufl.edu/other/profmed/slides/pm012599/1880 - Pasteur experiment – fowl cholera1880 - Pasteur experiment – fowl cholerahttp://www.medinfo.ufl.edu/other/profmed/slides/pm012599/Attenuated Vaccines!!Pasteur’s Contributions:-Vaccine (vacca= cow)-Attenuated vaccines = cholera,anthrax, rabies4Why do we still have measles, diphtheria, etc in the USA?Early Studies of Humoral and Cellular ImmunityShibasaburo Kitasato(1852-1931) Emil von Behring(1854-1917)SUMMARY:1890 – Serum from animals previously immunized with diphtheria could transfer the immune state to immunized animalsSerum – Liquid component of coagulated blood TOXOID – modified toxin, unable to cause toxic effect but highly antigenicExperiments of von Behring and Kitasato - tetanus toxinProtection can be transferred with serum.http://www.medinfo.ufl.edu/other/profmed/slides/pm012599/Implication?123Elvin Kabat• Activity in serum associated with a fraction called gamma globulin• Gamma globulin fraction is also known asimmunoglobulin (Ig), which is also calledantibody (Ab)• Antibodies contained in body fluids (humor) – humoral immunityPassive Immunity?Elie Metchnikoff(1845-1916)http://pw1.netcom.com/~aguldo/agga/bt/pix/phagocytosis.jpg1883 -Phagocytosis of microorganismsCell-mediated immunity5Cellular Immunity• 1940 – Merrill Chase transferred immunity against tuberculosis by using white blood cells• Lymphocytes: 2 typesAntigen?ImmunityNonspecific mechanismsInnate ImmunitySpecific mechanismsAcquired ImmunityHumoral(Antibody mediated)Cell-mediatedInfection and Immunity• Pathogens – organisms that cause disease• Opportunistic pathogens – decreased immune function– Candida albicans – “thrush”  systemic RIP– Pneumocystis pneumonia • Immune system must deal with: viruses, worms, fungi, bacteria, protozoa, toxinsInnate Immunity• I. Anatomic Barriers:– Skin: keratin (waterproof), sebum (low pH), sweat (lysozyme)– Mucus membranes: mucus (X adherence), normal flora (space, nutrients, immunity), cilia (removes microorganisms), antimicrobial peptides (defensins)• Respiratory, Genitourinary, Digestive.• MUCUS – 4L/dayInnate Immunity• II. Physiologic Barriers:– Chemical mediators:• Lysozyme - (cell wall), • Interferons - (anti-viral proteins), • Complement - (lysis, phagocytosis, inflammation),• Collectins - (detergent activity)• Pattern Recognition Receptors – (i.e Toll receptors –recognition and activation)• III. Phagocytic Barriers:– Phagocytosis – neutrophils, monocytes/ macrophages, dendritic cells• IV. InflammationAdaptive or Acquired or Specific Immunity• Characteristics:a) highly specific (antigen), b) diversity (109-11)potential recognitions, c) memory, d) self/non-self recognition (MHC molecules, e) self-regulation (turning off responses)6Immune Response(two phases)• A) Recognition – Highly specific!• B) Response (Effector Response)– through cells and molecules– MEMORY!!!Acquired Responsesa) B cells:- Originate and mature in bone marrow- Mature B cells a unique receptor = antibody molecule (Immunoglobulin = Ig)- Membrane antibody molecule recognizes antigen alone/intact- 105Ig molecules on membrane- “Activated B cell”  polyclonal activation Plasma Cells  Secreted antibody.**Memory B cells are generated in every responseAcquired ResponsesT cells:- Originate in BM and mature in thymus- In thymus they acquire a unique membrane receptor = T cell receptor (TCR). The TCR recognizes antigen ONLY when bound or presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules- MHC restriction.- Antigen + MHC “Activated T cell”  polyclonal activation  Memory T cells + Effector T Cells (cytokines or cytotoxicity)**Memory T cells are generated in every responseAcquired ResponsesT cells subpopulations:a) T helper (Th) and T cytotoxic (Tc) - Th subpopulations:- Tregs (regulatory T cells) - Th17b) T helper (Th) express a CD4 membrane markerc) T cytotoxic (Tc) express a CD8 membrane


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NAU BIO 401 - Immunobiology

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