UCSC ANTH 176A - The Woodland Period and Hopewell Interaction

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Anth 176A: North American ArchaeologyProfesor Judith Habicht MaucheSpring 2009UCSC1Eastern Woodlands III:The Woodland Period andHopewell InteractionLecture 22North American ArchaeologySpring 2009UCSCThe Woodland Period,1000 BC to AD 700 Mixed foraging and gardeningeconomies Local styles of cord-marked pottery Expansion of local, regional, andinter-regional exchange networks Multiple and overlappingsystems Elaboration of mortuary rituals andmound complexes Related to emergence of tribalterritories and identities, and Development of rankedlineages and status hierarchiesThe Hopewell Tradition Middle Woodland 100 BC-AD 500 Number of localregional variants Core Area: So. Ohioand Illinois“Ritual Complex”?“Interaction Sphere”?“Cultural Horizon”?Anth 176A: North American ArchaeologyProfesor Judith Habicht MaucheSpring 2009UCSC2SubsistenceSettlement Small rectangular to oval houses Ohio : Small, dispersed farmsteads on floodplain; clustered nearmounds (Prufer--McGraw Site) Illinois: Larger villages associated w/ mounds (Scovill Site) Spaced 20 km apart along floodplains--tribal territories?? Maybe only seasonally occupied.Hopewell Burial Complex Core Area: Scioto Valley, OhioPossibl e RoadAnth 176A: North American ArchaeologyProfesor Judith Habicht MaucheSpring 2009UCSC3 Important cluster ofsites near Chillicothe,Ohio Seip, Tremper,Hopewell, Harness,Mound City, etc. Connected to Newarkmounds via “sacredroadway” (Lepper) Conical burial mounds in sacred precincts Geometric earthworks (circles, squares,octagons) Earthen avenues or roadways Lunar alignments (18.6 yr cycle) 1150 individualburials recoveredfrom six Scioto Valleysites Extended and flexedburials of high statusindividuals in centraltombs/crypts Surrounded bysecondary burialsand cremationsAnth 176A: North American ArchaeologyProfesor Judith Habicht MaucheSpring 2009UCSC4 Most peoplecremated Associated withbasins or altars w/burned offerings Mounds built over “charnal houses” Each structure may be associated w/ kin group (lineage)or moiety Seip (Naomi Greber) Three distinct burial areas--lineages?; ranked? 10% of 123 burials have high status goods (mostly adult males) Similar tripartite divisions at Harness and Mound 25 at HopewellAnth 176A: North American ArchaeologyProfesor Judith Habicht MaucheSpring 2009UCSC5High Status Objects from CentralTombs or Charnal HousesFresh water pearls and copper breastplateCopper OrnamentsCopper Ear SpoolsAnth 176A: North American ArchaeologyProfesor Judith Habicht MaucheSpring 2009UCSC6Grizzly bear teeth inlayed w/ freshwater pearlsMarine shell from Florida and Gulf of MexicoMica cutoutsAnth 176A: North American ArchaeologyProfesor Judith Habicht MaucheSpring 2009UCSC7Copper deer antler head-dressesEffigy pipesEngraved boneAnth 176A: North American ArchaeologyProfesor Judith Habicht MaucheSpring 2009UCSC8Clay figurinesYellowstone Obsidian and Knife River Flint BladesHopewell Interaction Sphere Idea developed by Joseph Caldwell Hopewell traits grafted onto on-going localtraditionsAnth 176A: North American ArchaeologyProfesor Judith Habicht MaucheSpring 2009UCSC9 Not a single, uniform system Patchwork of overlapping exchange networks,at different scales Each material or type of object had its ownpattern of distribution Exotic Raw Materials--long-distance, directional--direct acquisition Utilitarian items circulated through local andregional networks--reciprocal exchangeAnth 176A: North American ArchaeologyProfesor Judith Habicht MaucheSpring 2009UCSC10 High Status Objects: found at mound sites;circulated among “big men” or elites“Big Man” Model of HopewellInteraction Spread of Hopewell traits reflects spreadof ideology centered on elaboratemortuary rites and associated feastingofficiated by high-ranking “big men” orpriest/shaman. Re-distribution/Buffering, or Competition and Prestige BuildingHopewell Ritual and Interaction Arena for constructing meaning, identity andsocial relations on three inter-related levels The individual (secondary burials and cremations) The community (elaborate primary burials and feasts) The broader society (periodic lunar and solar


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UCSC ANTH 176A - The Woodland Period and Hopewell Interaction

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