COMM 335 1st Edition Exam 3 Study Guide Lectures 17 21 Chapter 7 Summary Nonverbal communication differs from verbal communication in two ways it is more unconscious and learned implicitly Nonverbal communication can reinforce substitute for or contradict verbal communication Nonverbal communication communicates relational meaning status and deception Research investigating the universality of nonverbal behaviors includes comparison of primate behavior behavior of deaf blind children cross cultural studies and search for universal social needs filled by nonverbal behaviors Nonverbal codes include physical appearance facial expressions eye contact gestures paralanguage chronemics and silence Sometimes cultural differences in nonverbal behaviors can lead to stereotyping of others and overt discrimination Cultural space influences cultural identity and includes home neighborhoods regions and nations Two ways of changing cultural spaces are travel and migration Postmodern cultural spaces like cyberspace are tenuous and dynamic Key Terms Cultural space the particular configuration of the communication that constructs meanings of various places Relational messages messages that communicate how we feel about others Status the relative position and individual holds in social or organizational settings Deception the act of making someone believe what is not true Expectancy violations theory the view that when someone s nonverbal behavior violates our expectations these violations will be perceived positively or negatively depending on the specific context and behavior Facial expressions facial gestures that convey emotions and attitudes Contact cultures cultural groups in which people tend to stand close together and touch frequently when they interact Noncontact cultures cultural groups in which people tend to maintain more space and touch less often than people do in contact cultures Eye contact a nonverbal code eye gaze which communicates meanings about respect and status and often regulates turn taking during interactions Paralinguistic the study of vocal behaviors includes voice qualities and vocalization Voice qualities the music of the human voice including speed pitch rhythm vocal range and articulation Vocalizations the sounds we utter that do not have the structure of language Chronemics the concept of time and the rules that govern its use Monochronic an orientation to time that assumes it is linear and is a commodity that can be lost or gained Polychronic an orientation to time that sees it as circular and more holistic Discrimination behaviors resulting from stereotypes or prejudice that cause some people to be denied equal participation or rights based on cultural group membership such as race Semiotics the analysis of the nature of and relationship between signs Signs in semiotics the meanings that emerges from the combination of the signifiers and signified Signifiers in semiotics the culturally constructed arbitrary words or symbols that people use to refers to something else Signified in semiotics anything that is expressed in arbitrary words or signifiers Regionalism loyalty to a particular region that holds significant cultural meaning for that person Chapter 8 Summary A dialectical perspective on transitions reveals the tension between the individual and societal level of cultural adaptation The four types of migrants are sojourners immigrants short term refugees and long term refugees These are four modes of migrant host relationships assimilation separation integration and hybridity A social science approach to adaptation emphasizes individual influences and outcomes and includes the AUM model the transition model and the integrative model An interpretive approach emphasizes the lived experience and includes the U curve theory the W curve theory and phenomenological studies A critical approach emphasizes the contextual influences on adaptation social institutions and political historical and economic structures Cultural identity and adaptation are related in many ways Those who live on the borders often develop multicultural identities Key Terms Migrant an individual who leaves the primary cultural context in which he or she was raised and moves to a new cultural context for an extended time Sojourners people who move into new cultural contexts for a limited period of time and for a specific purpose such as for study or business Immigrants people who come to a new country region or environment to settle more or less permanently Long term refugees people who are forced to relocate permanently because of war famine and oppression Short term refugees people who are forced for a short time to move from their region or country Assimilation a type of cultural adaptation in which an individual gives up his or her own cultural heritage and adopts the mainstream cultural identity Separation a type of cultural adaptation in which an individual retains his or her original culture while interacting minimally with other groups Segregation the policy or practice of compelling groups to live apart from each other Integration a type of cultural adaptation in which individuals maintain both their original culture and their daily interactions with other groups Cultural adaptations a process by which individuals learn the rules and customs of new cultural contexts Uncertainty reduction the process of lessening uncertainty in adapting to a new culture by seeking information Predictive uncertainty a sense of uncertainty that stems from the inability to predict what someone will say or do Explanatory uncertainty in the process of cultural adaptation uncertainty that stems from the inability to explain why people behave as they do Flight approach a strategy to cope with a new situation being hesitant or withdrawn from the new environment Fight approach a trial and error approach to coping with a new situation Social support ties with other people that play a significant part in mediating psychological health over time Intercultural identity identity based on two or more cultural frames of reference Culture shock a relatively short term feeling of disorientation and discomfort due to the lack of familiar cues in the environment Multicultural identity a sense of in betweeness that develops as a result of frequent or multiple cultural border crossings Chapter 9 Summary We learn about other cultures through popular culture Popular culture is popular because of its wide dissemination and