WFSC 402 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 6Lecture 1 (October 2)Know the reasons for different types of plumage.Displays:- Major functionso Territorial defenseo Attraction for courtship- You can categorize these two functions as courtship displaysPigmented Color:- A lot of variation - Biochrome pigments o Melanin – browns, black, gray (all birds, except albinos have this pigment) o Carotenoids – red, orange, yellow derived from diet Stored in egg yolk and body fato porphyrins - green, redred brown this is a rare pigment Mostly in new feathers Easily degraded Turacin and Turacoverdin in Turacos Structural Color- Physical alterations of light- Blues and greens- Iridescence with grays in stackPlumage Patterns- A lot of variationo Cryptic for concealment; molting and gain stripeso Bold colors for disruptive contrast; can match dark and light aspects of background - Countershading – dark on top, light on bottomconcealmento Reverse countershading conspicuous Seasonality- EnvironmentkHz- Breeding seasonvisual displays - MoltsBehavior - Interactions between coloration, season, and behavior o Example: white birds don’t sit on dark colored rocks- Evolution of displays has been derived by competition for femaleso Ritualized behaviors – developed from other movements used for feeding or flight functions (non-signal movement)o Similar among closely related species Bowing courtship displays for pelicans, boobies, anhingas, and cormorants- Agonistic Behavioro Competition for resources Aggression: threats, attacks, warnings Courtship often starts as aggression - Role of sexual selectiono Traits that evolve in 1 sex are usually exaggerated by choice of the other  Tails in peacocks Wing epaulets  Size Good Genes vs. Arbitrary Choice - Why do females prefer larger males or better display?o Because larger size and better courtship displays show that the male has genetic and physiological superiority - Arbitrary choice: females just pick males with exaggerate ornamentation; runaway selection Lecture 2 (October 7)Know the drawing of the syrinx and be able to label the different parts of it. What is a sonogram used for?- Syrinx – allows for birds to make a song; located at the junction of trachea and bronchi- Larynx – to keep food and water out of trachea - Sonogram – measures songo Birds are measured in seconds while bats aremeasure in miliseconds because theyecholocate- Primary song: used all through breeding season- Secondary song: standard songhttp://obiwannabe.co.uk/tutorials/html/tutorial_birds.htmlTime- Individual recognition – studies have shown that birds are able to distinguish between their mate’s calling and another individual’s calls- Birds begin singing their own song as soon as they start hearing sounds while in the eggLecture 3 (October 9)What is CSA? What is the difference between migration and nomadism? Conspecific attraction (CSA) – to settle near individuals of their own species- Migration o Occupation of different area seasonally o Nothing to do with distance!o Why do birds migrate?  search for food and temperature change - Nomadism – more of a wanderer; doesn‘t mean they can’t migrate, they are just more likely to wander around than to actually “migrate”- Dispersal – young of the year; moving away o Colonization, distribution, genetic diversity - Winter migrationsexual segregation o Some species maintain their pair bondo Some males stay in one area o Females are more widely distributed - When migrating to Mexico or anywhere in the south the Raptors take mainland while songbirds will fly across the Gulf of Mexico (shortcut)o Warblers use trade winds to migrate  Go straight out to sea and ride trade winds to the southo Mostly migrate at night and high elevation to avoid predators - Birds are in a hurry to get back North so they can find the habitat that provides the best breeding ground, abundant food, and predator protectionLecture 4 (October 14)What are the different methods of navigation that birds use? What are flyaways? Navigation during Migration Methods1. Visual (landmarks)o Relatively unimportant in most birds but used in both long distance and local orientation  Homing pigeons and local surroundings NOT useful for young birds 2. Olfactoryo NOT remarkable in most birds but is sufficiently acute in some to be used for navigation  Procellariformes (some seabirds) orient to food sources through smell 3. Celestial (sun, stars)o Birds that migrate during the day use the sun as a compass o Star compassing  Emlen performed several experiments with Garden Warblers and Indigo Buntings  Found that physiology was stronger than any other navigation form4. Magnetic fieldo Magnetite and photopigments in the eye o Rhodopsin - chromoprotein that is contained in the light – sensitive cells of the retinao Intensity and inclination changes predictably with latitude o Studies:o Robins in steel cages with no celestial cue were still able to orient properly o Homing pigeons with magnets Preference for solar compasso Coils on heads of pigeons; reverse fields and birds directions - Differential use by species- Depends on scaleo M> C> O> V- Acquisition o different species acquire these migration abilities in different ways  learners- cranes and geese follow their parents - homing pigeons raised without seeing the sun can’t use the sun asa compass when migratingo but they can learn later and their migration skills will get better with experience- buntings raised without seeing stars have no ability to orient directiono must see starts regularly for first month of life in order to choose navigation path; helps distinguish North and Southo Genetic species  Vector navigation White Storks migrate from European to northern Africa around Mediterranean Sea- When displaced by weather they end up in the wrong location butadults can compensate because of learned experience.- Flyaways: 4 major ones in North America1. Atlantic – migrating waterfowl2. Mississippi – longest migration route of Western Hemisphere; about 3,000 miles of mountain free travel3. Central – most direct of North to South cast for migration4. Pacific – used by Arctic Turn; longest distant migrant in world; 2,000 miles each way- Fall Warbler migration in New Englando Gather on east coast and fly over Atlantic to