BIO 101 1st EditionExam #2 Study Guide Chapters 6, 8-10Lecture 9 (September 19)Tour of the CellBe able to recognize the major organelles in a eukaryotic cell.Nucleus- source of genetic material (DNA) surrounded by double membrane with nuclear pores- big enough for large molecules and ribosomes to pass through.Nucleolus- place inside nucleus where ribosomes are assembled (looks like a dark spot in nucleus)Cytoplasm- everything between nucleus and plasma membrane, includes semi-fluid cytoplasm and organellesRibosomes- site of protein synthesis made of RNA and proteins. Endomembrane system- complex system of interrelated membranes that are either directly connected to one another or indirectly connected by vesicles= membrane sacs which are pinched off and move from one membrane site to another. Which organelles are part of the endomembrane system and which are not?Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi complex, Lysosomes, and Vacuoles are part of the endomembrane system. Microbodies, Mitochondria, and chloroplasts are not part of the endomembrane system.What are the three major differences between an animal cell and a plant cell?Prokaryotes have no true nucleus and no membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotes do. Eukaryotes are also larger and more complex, while prokaryotes are smaller and simpler. Know the functions of particular organelles. Nucleus- source of genetic material (DNA) surrounded by double membrane with nuclear pores- big enough for large molecules and ribosomes to pass through.Nucleolus- place inside nucleus where ribosomes are assembled (looks like a dark spot in nucleus)Cytoplasm- everything between nucleus and plasma membrane, includes semi-fluid cytoplasm and organellesRibosomes- site of protein synthesis made of RNA and proteins. Endomembrane system- complex system of interrelated membranes that are either directly connected to one another or indirectly connected by vesicles= membrane sacs which are pinched off and move from one membrane site to another. Rough ER- network of membranes with ribosomes attached, like tubes with inner space called cistemae, membranes are made on RER (phospholipids are made by enzymes in the RER membrane, membrane proteins are made by ribosomes on the RER and embedded in newly made phospholipid bilayer)Smooth ER- connected to RER but without ribosomes, synthesizes fat, steroids, sex hormones, detoxifies drugs and poisons.Golgi Complex- stacked flattened membrane sacs modify, store and route products ofERBIO 101 1st EditionLysosomes- sac of hydrolytic enzymes (single membrane) clean up “garbage” in cell, digest food particles, destroy invading bacteria, role in cell “suicide”- part of developmentVacuoles- like transport vesicles, but bigger storage space, “garbage dump”, plant cells have large central vacuole- very versatile: storage, toxic compoundsMicrobodies- sacs that contain specialized teams of enzymes for a specific metabolic taskMitochondria- site of cellular respiration, found in nearly all eukaryotic cellsChloroplasts- site of photosynthesis- plants only- make sugar using CO2 and H2OLecture 10 (September 24)Tour of the CellKnow the parts of the cytoskeleton: microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate fibers.The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers throughout the cytoplasm, and provides internal support. There are three types of fibers:1. Microtubules: hollow rods of protein (tubulin), thickest of the three fibers (approx. 25nm)2. Microfilaments: thin fibers (approx. 7nm) of intertwined helix of protein (actin).3. Intermediate filaments: intermediate thickness, diverse composition. Know the kinds of junctions in plant cells and animal cells and their characteristics.In plants, the junctions are called plasmodesmata.In animals:1. Tight junctions- blocks space between cells= water proofing2. Desmosomes- rivet cells together but still allows substances to move in intercellular space3. Gap Junctions- connections between cells- allows intercellular transport of small molecules, similar to plasmodesmata in plantsLecture 11 (October 1)Introduction to MetabolismTerms to know: metabolism, metabolic pathways (catabolic and anabolic)Metabolism- all of an organism’s chemical processes. There are thousands of chemical reactions in the cell, and they are coordinated and integrated with one another.Metabolic pathways- an ordered series of chemical reactions in which the product ofone reaction becomes the reactant for the next reaction.Catabolic pathways- pathways that release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler molecules. Anabolic pathways- pathways that consume energy to build complex molecules starting with simple molecules.BIO 101 1st EditionWhat are the two laws of thermodynamics?1st Law- energy can be transferred or transformed but can NOT be created or destroyed2nd Law- every energy transfer makes the universe more disorderedEnergy exists in two different forms. What two forms are there?Kinetic Energy- energy of motionPotential Energy- energy of position Terms to know: enthalpy (H), entropy (S), Gibbs free energy (G)Enthalpy (H)- total potential energy of a molecule= Bond EnergyEntropy (S)- quantitative measure of disorderGibbs free energy (G)- amount of energy available to do workWhat are the differences between exergonic and endergonic chemical reactions?Exergonic Reactions VS. Endergonic ReactionsSpontaneous Not spontaneousReactants have MORE bond energy (H) than products: energy is releasedReactants have LESS bond energy (H) than products: energy is consumedS tends to increase during the reaction (products are more disordered)S tends to decrease during the reaction (products are more ordered)(-) G is maximum amount of work that reaction can do(+) G is minimum amount of work required to make a reaction goLecture 12 (October 3)EnzymesWhat is the structure of ATP? How is this molecule used to do work in the cell?BIO 101 1st EditionATP is the energy currency of the cell. It releases a phosphate, transferring it to another molecule. That molecule becomes energized, allowing the cell to do work. Terms to know: catalyst, substrate, active site, transition site, free energy of activation, enzyme.Catalyst- speeds up a reaction without being consumed in the reaction- can be used over and over. Substrate- the reactants of an enzyme reaction. Active Site- the groove/pocket on the enzyme that holds the substrate. Transition Site- an unstable stateFree Energy of