BIO 101 1st Edition Exam 2 Study Guide Chapters 6 8 10 Lecture 9 September 19 Tour of the Cell Be able to recognize the major organelles in a eukaryotic cell Nucleus source of genetic material DNA surrounded by double membrane with nuclear pores big enough for large molecules and ribosomes to pass through Nucleolus place inside nucleus where ribosomes are assembled looks like a dark spot in nucleus Cytoplasm everything between nucleus and plasma membrane includes semi fluid cytoplasm and organelles Ribosomes site of protein synthesis made of RNA and proteins Endomembrane system complex system of interrelated membranes that are either directly connected to one another or indirectly connected by vesicles membrane sacs which are pinched off and move from one membrane site to another Which organelles are part of the endomembrane system and which are not Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi complex Lysosomes and Vacuoles are part of the endomembrane system Microbodies Mitochondria and chloroplasts are not part of the endomembrane system What are the three major differences between an animal cell and a plant cell Prokaryotes have no true nucleus and no membrane bound organelles while eukaryotes do Eukaryotes are also larger and more complex while prokaryotes are smaller and simpler Know the functions of particular organelles Nucleus source of genetic material DNA surrounded by double membrane with nuclear pores big enough for large molecules and ribosomes to pass through Nucleolus place inside nucleus where ribosomes are assembled looks like a dark spot in nucleus Cytoplasm everything between nucleus and plasma membrane includes semi fluid cytoplasm and organelles Ribosomes site of protein synthesis made of RNA and proteins Endomembrane system complex system of interrelated membranes that are either directly connected to one another or indirectly connected by vesicles membrane sacs which are pinched off and move from one membrane site to another Rough ER network of membranes with ribosomes attached like tubes with inner space called cistemae membranes are made on RER phospholipids are made by enzymes in the RER membrane membrane proteins are made by ribosomes on the RER and embedded in newly made phospholipid bilayer Smooth ER connected to RER but without ribosomes synthesizes fat steroids sex hormones detoxifies drugs and poisons Golgi Complex stacked flattened membrane sacs modify store and route products of ER BIO 101 1st Edition Lysosomes sac of hydrolytic enzymes single membrane clean up garbage in cell digest food particles destroy invading bacteria role in cell suicide part of development Vacuoles like transport vesicles but bigger storage space garbage dump plant cells have large central vacuole very versatile storage toxic compounds Microbodies sacs that contain specialized teams of enzymes for a specific metabolic task Mitochondria site of cellular respiration found in nearly all eukaryotic cells Chloroplasts site of photosynthesis plants only make sugar using CO2 and H2O Lecture 10 September 24 Tour of the Cell Know the parts of the cytoskeleton microtubules microfilaments and intermediate fibers The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers throughout the cytoplasm and provides internal support There are three types of fibers 1 Microtubules hollow rods of protein tubulin thickest of the three fibers approx 25nm 2 Microfilaments thin fibers approx 7nm of intertwined helix of protein actin 3 Intermediate filaments intermediate thickness diverse composition Know the kinds of junctions in plant cells and animal cells and their characteristics In plants the junctions are called plasmodesmata In animals 1 Tight junctions blocks space between cells water proofing 2 Desmosomes rivet cells together but still allows substances to move in intercellular space 3 Gap Junctions connections between cells allows intercellular transport of small molecules similar to plasmodesmata in plants Lecture 11 October 1 Introduction to Metabolism Terms to know metabolism metabolic pathways catabolic and anabolic Metabolism all of an organism s chemical processes There are thousands of chemical reactions in the cell and they are coordinated and integrated with one another Metabolic pathways an ordered series of chemical reactions in which the product of one reaction becomes the reactant for the next reaction Catabolic pathways pathways that release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler molecules Anabolic pathways pathways that consume energy to build complex molecules starting with simple molecules BIO 101 1st Edition What are the two laws of thermodynamics 1st Law energy can be transferred or transformed but can NOT be created or destroyed 2nd Law every energy transfer makes the universe more disordered Energy exists in two different forms What two forms are there Kinetic Energy energy of motion Potential Energy energy of position Terms to know enthalpy H entropy S Gibbs free energy G Enthalpy H total potential energy of a molecule Bond Energy Entropy S quantitative measure of disorder Gibbs free energy G amount of energy available to do work What are the differences between exergonic and endergonic chemical reactions Exergonic Reactions VS Endergonic Reactions Spontaneous Not spontaneous Reactants have MORE bond energy H Reactants have LESS bond energy H than products energy is released than products energy is consumed S tends to increase during the reaction S tends to decrease during the reaction products are more disordered products are more ordered G is maximum amount of work that reaction can do G is minimum amount of work required to make a reaction go Lecture 12 October 3 Enzymes What is the structure of ATP How is this molecule used to do work in the cell BIO 101 1st Edition ATP is the energy currency of the cell It releases a phosphate transferring it to another molecule That molecule becomes energized allowing the cell to do work Terms to know catalyst substrate active site transition site free energy of activation enzyme Catalyst speeds up a reaction without being consumed in the reaction can be used over and over Substrate the reactants of an enzyme reaction Active Site the groove pocket on the enzyme that holds the substrate Transition Site an unstable state Free Energy of Activation amount of energy needed to reach the transition state Enzyme biological catalysts proteins used to speed up chemical reactions in the cell There are several ways an