Slides for Chapter 3: Networking and InternetworkingFigure 3.1 Network performanceFigure 3.2 Conceptual layering of protocol softwareFigure 3.3 Encapsulation as it is applied in layered protocolsFigure 3.4 Protocol layers in the ISO Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) modelFigure 3.5 OSI protocol summaryOSI Protocol SummaryFigure 3.6 Internetwork layersFigure 3.7 Routing in a wide area networkFigure 3.8 Routing tables for the network in Figure 3.7Figure 3.9 Pseudo-code for RIP routing algorithm (Bellman Ford)Distance Vector Routing Algorithm: Bellman FordRouting Case 1Routing Case 2Routing Case 3Figure 3.11 Tunnelling for IPv6 migrationFigure 3.12 TCP/IP layersFigure 3.13 Encapsulation in a message transmitted via TCP over an EthernetFigure 3.14 The programmer's conceptual view of a TCP/IP InternetFigure 3.15 Internet address structure, showing field sizes in bitsFigure 3.16 Decimal representation of Internet addressesFigure 3.17 IP packet layoutFigure 3.19 IPv6 header layoutFigure 3.25 Bluetooth frame structureFigure 3.26 ATM protocol layersFigure 3.27 ATM cell layoutFigure 3.28 Switching virtual paths in an ATM networkSlides for Chapter 3: Networking and InternetworkingFrom Coulouris, Dollimore and KindbergDistributed Systems: Concepts and DesignEdition 4, © Pearson Education 2005Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 4 © Pearson Education 2005 Figure 3.1Network performanceExample Range Bandwidth(Mbps)Latency(ms)Wired:LAN Ethernet 1-2 kms 10-1000 1-10WAN IP routing worldwide 0.010-600 100-500MAN ATM 250 kms 1-150 10Internetwork Internet worldwide 0.5-600 100-500Wireless:WPAN Bluetooth (802.15.1) 10 - 30m 0.5-2 5-20WLAN WiFi (IEEE 802.11) 0.15-1.5 km 2-54 5-20WMAN WiMAX (802.16) 550 km 1.5-20 5-20WWAN GSM, 3G phone nets worldwide 0.01-02 100-500Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 4 © Pearson Education 2005 Figure 3.2Conceptual layering of protocol softwareLayer nLayer 2Layer 1Message sentMessage receivedCommunicationmediumSender RecipientInstructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 4 © Pearson Education 2005 Figure 3.3Encapsulation as it is applied in layered protocolsPresentation headerApplication-layer messageSession headerTransport headerNetwork headerInstructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 4 © Pearson Education 2005 Figure 3.4Protocol layers in the ISO Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) modelApplicationPresentationSessionTransportNetworkData linkPhysicalMessage sentMessage receivedSender RecipientLayersCommunicationmediumInstructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 4 © Pearson Education 2005 Figure 3.5OSI protocol summaryLayer Description ExamplesApplication Protocols that are designed to meet the communication requirements ofspecific applications, often defining the interface to a service. HTTP, FTP, SMTP,CORBA IIOPPresentation Protocols at this level transmit data in a network representation that isindependent of the representations used in individual computers, which maydiffer. Encryption is also performed in this layer, if required.Secure Sockets(SSL),CORBA DataRep.Session At this level reliability and adaptation are performed, such as detection offailures and automatic recovery.TransportThis is the lowest level at which messages (rather than packets) are handled.Messages are addressed to communication ports attached to processes,Protocols in this layer may be connection-oriented or connectionless.TCP, UDPNetwork Transfers data packets between computers in a specific network. In a WANor an internetwork this involves the generation of a route passing throughrouters. In a single LAN no routing is required.IP, ATM virtualcircuitsData link Responsible for transmission of packets between nodes that are directlyconnected by a physical link. In a WAN transmission is between pairs ofrouters or between routers and hosts. In a LAN it is between any pair of hosts.Ethernet MAC,ATM cell transfer,PPPPhysical The circuits and hardware that drive the network. It transmits sequences ofbinary data by analogue signalling, using amplitude or frequency modulationof electrical signals (on cable circuits), light signals (on fibre optic circuits)or other electromagnetic signals (on radio and microwave circuits).Ethernet base- bandsignalling, ISDNOSI Protocol SummaryInstructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 4 © Pearson Education 2005 Layer Description ExamplesApplication Protocols designed to meet the communication requirements of specific applications, defining the interface to the serviceHTTP, FTP, SMTP, IIOPPresentation Protocols to transmit data in a network representation that is independent of the representation in individual computers; big/little endian, encryption, compression, EBCDIC to ASCIITLS security, Session Reliability and adaptation are performed. Detection of failure and automatic recovery; checkpointing; tunneling; authentication; permissions; synchronizationSSH, web conferencingTransport Communication addresses and ports are attached; connection-oriented or connectionless; congestion and flow control; packet assembly ; portsTCP, UDPNetwork Host addressing; end-end delivery; packet forwarding; routing IPV4/IPV6; RIPDatalink Transmission of packets from node to node; LAN: between hosts; WAN: between routers; parity error detection and correction: transmission errorEthernet MAC, PPPPhysical The circuits and the hardware that drive the network; bytes and bits of data transmission: electrical signals, optical signals, radio and microwave signals; signaling, circuit switchingRS-232C, 802.11Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 4 © Pearson Education 2005 Figure 3.6Internetwork layersUnderlying networkApplicationNetwork interfaceTransportInternetworkInternetwork packetsNetwork-specific packetsMessageLayersInternetworkprotocolsUnderlyingnetworkprotocolsInstructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore and Kindberg Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 4 © Pearson Education 2005 Figure 3.7Routing in a wide area networkHostsLinksor local networksAD