http://www.ukclimbing.com/news/item.php?id=49981 PhysiologySlide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Chapter 2Chapter 3Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Biological MoleculesSlide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21CarbohydratesSlide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28ProteinsSlide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Secondary typesSlide 35Slide 36Molecular chaperonesDNA & RNASlide 39Energy in Living cellsSlide 41Slide 42Slide 43Slide 44Slide 45Slide 46Slide 47Slide 48Slide 49Slide 50Slide 51Slide 52Slide 53Slide 54Slide 55Slide 56Slide 57Slide 58Slide 59Slide 60Slide 61Slide 62Slide 63Slide 64Slide 65Slide 66Slide 67Slide 68Slide 69Slide 70Slide 71Slide 72Slide 73Slide 74Slide 75Slide 76Slide 77Slide 78Slide 79Slide 80Slide 81Slide 82Slide 83Slide 84Slide 85Slide 86Slide 87Slide 88http://www.ukclimbing.com/news/item.php?id=49981 Physiology•Define: The study of how living organisms function•Structure & function are important to understand function•Why study: Curiosity. Better understand how humans function under normal conditions. Thus, modifications of pathological states back to a ‘normal’ state might be possible.•Many of the physiological process are described by chemical and physical properties•It is important to integrate these concepts with biology.•The physiology of an animal is well suited to the environment in which it has evolved.This is explained by the process of ADAPTATION- gradual change over many generations.•Acclimatization is a change of an individual over its lifetime of biochemical or anatomical alterations•Acclimation is like acclimatization but induced by experimentation.•Homeostasis- The tendency of an organism to regulate and maintain relative internal stability.•Claude Bernard coined this term 1800’sThis mostly works by a feed back control.Such as by a negative feedback.Examples - Temp, pH, salinity within the bodyChapter 2•Read over it for your own benefit•Know August Krogh principle.- that there is an animal optimally suited to yield an answer of a physiological problem to be addressedChapter 3•Understanding of molecules and their function for physiological processes.•Water- it is polar can be used to interact with other ions. It lets Na+Cl- dissolve in body fluids. This is needed for rapid transport of ions.•Acid: any substance that can donate a proton.•Base: any substance that combines with a proton.FATS:1. Lipids2. Phospholipids for membranes3. Waxes- water proof the surface of insectsBiological MoleculesLIPIDSFats - triglycerideSaturated- each carbon has a single bond and is staurated with ‘H’Unsaturated- some carbons have a double bond and thus are not saturated with ‘H’.2. Phospholipids for membranesUnsat Sat1. Melting Pt.: Decreased increased2. Metab: - easily converted to sterols (ie, Cholesterol). Need for cholesterol for steroid based hormone production.Fats are good as a energy store. 1. Little water needed. 2. Stored in adipose tissue. 3. High “H & C” with little “O” so one gets a good energy yield. (1 gram of fat=2 grams of carbohydrates)FATS:1. Lipids2. Phospholipids for membranes3. Waxes- water proof the surface of insectsCarbohydratesI. MonosaccharidesII. DisaccharidesI. Monosaccharides-Six carbon-- hexoses-five carbon-- pentosesThe disaccharides are units of monosaccharidesA. Polymers – Plants—starch-- Animals– glycogen Little water needed for storage. So good energy for plants and animals.B. CelluloseC. Chitin (exoskeleton in insects/crustaceans)Proteins•A lot in cells. ½ of the dry mass.•Various structures.-Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternarySecondaryAlpha helixSecondaryBeta- sheetSecondary types-alpha helix: alpha-Keratins for hair and wool-Beta sheets: (Harder) beta- Keratins for reptile scales and turtle shellsTertiaryQuaternary- a couple of subunits coming together like Heme units.ie., HemoglobinMolecular chaperones•Fold other proteins. Maintain their structure.•To protect proteins from degradation and preserve the overall integrity of intracellular protein pool.•Example HSP or stress proteins.DNA & RNA•DNA isolated in 1869 by Friedrich Miescher. White blood cells and fish sperm.•DNA- genes•RNA translating the coded DNA message.•DNA with mRNA--- Transcription•mRNA to protein --- TranslationA-T and C-G in DNABut A-U in RNAEnergy in Living cells•Chemical Rxs taking place (types of tissues)•Where within the cells? (organelles)Animals are like chemical machines.Different forms of Energy- ie., thermal and mechanical.•A measure of a systems energy that it can provide.ΔG = ΔH-TΔS Is Gibbs free EnergyΔH is heat; ΔS is EntropyIf ΔG is neg then the Rx is spontaneous. Also hold for biochemical Rxs.•Rx A+B C+D Reactants to ProductsSubstrate goes to a Product S Pk•Then the Michaelis-Menton equation for a single enzyme Vo of initial rate varies but can be used for determining other factors.Key is when Vo = ½ VmaxThen; Vmax = Vmax [S] will be Km=[S] 2 Km + [S]So Km can be determined by a plot. In this kind of plot many values are needed for the curve. A linear plot is easier and more accurate.1 = Km + 1 Vo Vm[S] VmaxMetabolic Rx in the body must be regulated.Not all or none Rxs for process like ATP (energy)Many Rx regulated by enzymes. They are proteins; they are made and broken down.These are amino acids so Temp, pH, and salts will have an effect on their function.Also the cell does not want to much excess protein around so make Enzymes as needed.Ex: The neurotransmitter/hormone: Norepinephrine can inhibit tyrosine hydroxylase which is an enzyme that makes Norepi.Energy within the cells used to drive the tissue- to organ- to system.2 ATP36 ATP (?)Total 38 ATP (?)C6H12O6 + 6 O2 = 6 CO2 + 6 H2O with O2 metabolismInner membrane ETC and most ATP is producedFigure 5.5NAD+NADHCO2+ H+TCA and ETC:Molecule ATP worth Total4 NADH 3 121 FADH22 2(Above, I wrote 2 FADH2 in class by mistake)1GTP 1 115X2 TCA cycles =30 ATPGlycolysis:Gly Net ATP 232 Total2 NADH in Gly (3 ATP/each) 638 TotalBut use 2 ATP for the transport into Mit -2 (1 ATP for each NADH)36 ATP Grand totalEndosymbiotic theoryLynn MargulisAnaerobic- Bacteria, some yeasts, some invertebrates can live without O2. Ex. Clostridium botulinum can not grow in O2.Aerobic- require a supply of O2. Some tissues like muscle can function anaerobically and build up an “O2 debt” but pay back