COMM 335 1st Edition Lecture 18 Outline of Last Lecture I Verbal and nonverbal communication II Nonverbal codes III Nonverbal communication Outline of Current Lecture I What nonverbal behavior communicates II Universality of nonverbal behaviors III Nonverbal message codes IV Proxemics V Eye Contact VI Facial Expressions VII Chronemics VIII Two cultural orientations to time IX Silence X Cultural variation or stereotype Current Lecture I What nonverbal behavior communicates a Relational messages feelings about others b Status and power These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute c Deception i Earlier researchers believed certain behaviors indicated lying ii Now researchers believe that deception is communicated by idiosyncratic behaviors and probably as much by verbal messages iii Few nonverbal behaviors seem consistently to indicate deception pupil dilation blinking high pitch voice II Nonverbal communication is pervasive unconscious and communicates how we feel about each other and other s cultural group III Universality of nonverbal behaviors a There are similarities in nonverbal behaviors between humans and primates i Eyebrow flash ii Some facial expressions iii Animal communication b Similarities between facial expressions of blind and seeing children suggesting an innate genetic basis for these behaviors c Support for universality of some facial expressions d When communicated through facial expressions basic emotions appear to be recognized by most cultural groups as having the same meaning happiness sadness anger fear surprise disgust IV There might be universality in nonverbal behaviors but the evoking stimuli what cause the behaviors may vary from culture to culture a Smiling is universal but what causes a person to smile may be cultural specific V Nonverbal message codes a Proxemics b Chronemics c Silence d Kinesics e Paralangage f Haptics g Clothing and physical appearance h Territoriality i Olfactics j oculesics VI Proxemics a How people use personal space b Variation across cultures c Contact vs noncontact cultures d Contact cultures Stand closer while talking More direct eye contact More face to face body orientation Touch more frequently Louder voices e Gender age topic discussed ethnicity and context influence personal space decisions VII Eye Contact a Included in proxemics because regulates interpersonal space b Communicates meaning about respect and status c Often regulates turn taking VIII Facial Expressions a Difficulty in studying facial expressions because of media exposre unsure if there is no sensitization b Researchers nevertheless believe there are some universal facial expressions IX Chronemics a Concepts of time and rules that govern its use b Has proved to be a crucial element in business negotiations and other international projects X Two cultural orientations to time a Monochomic Time viewed as a commodity Linear with one event happening at a time Punctuality Completing tasks and keeping schedules are valued many times regardless of relational emergencies b Polychomic XI Time viewed as more holistic or circular Many events can happen at once Things get done because of personal relations not in spite of them Silence a Silence is not valued in the U S We reduce uncertainty by adopting active strategies asking questions b Other cultures may adopt more passive strategies to reduce uncertainty Maintaining silence Observing Asking for information from third parties c In some cultures silence might be associated with unequal distribution of power XII Cultural variation or stereotype a Prejudice is often based on nonverbal aspects of behavior b Cultural patterns in nonverbal behaviors should not be used as stereotypes for all members of cultures but as tentative guidelines