22.812 Nuclear Energy Economics and Policy Analysis S’04 Classnote The Economics of the Nuclear Fuel Cycle: (2) MOX Recycle in LWRs We can use the same fuel cycle cost model to investigate the economics of recycling plutonium in mixed-oxide fuel for LWRs. The original expectation with regard to the plutonium in spent LWR fuel is that it would be extracted in reprocessing and then fabricated into mixed oxide fuel for fast breeder reactors. For a variety of reasons (mainly economic), the deployment of breeder reactors is not now expected to occur for many decades, at the earliest. The only practical alternative use of plutonium in the short run is in MOX fuel for LWRs. Utilities in several countries are currently engaged in LWR MOX recycle. But MOX recycle has been strongly opposed by environmental and non-proliferation advocates. The question we will analyze is an economic one: Under what circumstances would it be economically attractive for a utility to use MOX fuel as an alternative to low enriched uranium (LEU) in LWRs? To determine this, consider two utilities: Utility C – the ‘conventional’ utility operating its PWR on the standard once-through fuel cycle, and utility E – the ‘entrepreneurial’ utility contemplating a switch to the MOX cycle. The two alternative fuel cycles are as follows: 1UOX fuel cycle (conventional once-through) Ore Enr Disposal Interim Storage PWRFabric. Tails MOX cycle : Disposal Interim Storage PWRFabric.Spent OT fuel Reprocess -ing HLW+ILW /LLW DisposalUranium credit Pu MOX Nat U Utility C would be indifferent to either: (a) arranging for storage and disposal of spent fuel or, (b) surrendering the fuel to Utility E along with a payment that it would otherwise make for SF storage and disposal In the latter case, Utility E could credit its operation with this payment, which would partly offset its costs of reprocessing, waste disposal, MOX fabrication, etc. Utility E would be interested in proceeding with the MOX option if the total fuel cycle cost for the MOX fuel was competitive with the once-through fuel cycle cost. 2Make the following assumptions: 1. The contents of the spent fuel discharged from reactors operating on the UOX once-through cycle with a burnup of 50,000 MWDth/MTIHM are as follows: Uranium: 93.4 w/o (U235 enrichment: 1.1 w/o) Plutonium: 1.33 w/o (total fissile enrichment (Pu239+Pu241) = 0.93 w/o) Fission products: 5.15 w/o Minor actinides: 0.12 w/o (From Mcode results presented in Zhiwen Xu thesis) 2. Fissile plutonium (Pu239+Pu241) is approximately equivalent to U-235 on a gram for gram basis; that is, equal weight percent enrichments of U-235 and fissile plutonium in U-238 are needed to drive a fuel assembly to the same cycle and discharge burnups. (In practice, MOX fuel has a lower initial reactivity for the same weight percent fissile enrichment, but undergoes a slower loss of reactivity with burnup.) 3. Value of uranium recovered from reprocessing spent PWR fuel is zero. (The recovered uranium is still slightly enriched in U-235, but other U isotopes make it less attractive, and under current market conditions, with low natural uranium prices, it is not economic to reuse it.) 4. MOX Fuel Cycle Cost Parameters Transaction Unit Cost Lead Time (to start of MOX fuel loading) Credit for elimination of SF $500/kg HM 2 years interim storage and disposal cost Reprocessing $400 - $1600/kg HM 2 years Uranium credit 0 --HLW/ILW/LLW storage and $200-400/kg HM in SF 1 year final disposal cost Natural uranium ore purchase $40/kg HM 1 year and yellowcake conversion Blending + MOX fuel $1500/kg HM 1 year fabrication Interim storage of spent MOX $100/kg HM At discharge fuel 3Final disposal of spent MOX $400/kg HM At discharge fuel Note: Duration of irradiation = 4.5 years. Q: How many kilograms of spent PWR fuel must be reprocessed and natural U purchased to produce 1 kg of MOX fuel at 4.51% fissile enrichment? Let W be the mass of spent fuel (in kg/kg of MOX fuel) Let M be the mass of natural uranium (in kg/kg of MOX fuel) Let x be the enrichment of fissile Pu in the MOX fuel Let y be the enrichment of U-235 in the MOX fuel M kg natural uranium MOX Fabrication 1 kg HM (as MOX) •••Reprocessing Spent fuel1% loss 1% loss x kg fissile Pu y kg U-235 0.711 w/o U-235 W kg HM z kg fissile Pu of HM of HM fissile Pu For fissile enrichment of 4.5%, we require x + y = 0.0451 (1) A material balance on the MOX fabrication stage for U-238 gives: M x 0.9929 x 0.99 = 1- 0.0451 = 0.9549 Thus, 4M = 0.971 kg nat U Material balance on the MOX fabrication stage for U-235 gives M x 0.00711 x 0.99 = y Thus, x = 0.00683 kg Hence, from (1), y = 0.0383 Then, an overall material balance on fissile Pu gives z x 0.99 x 0.99 = 0.0383 Thus z = 0.0391 kg And since the enrichment of fissile Pu in the spent PWR fuel is 0.93 w/o, we have that W = 0.0391/0.0093 = 4.2 kg Thus, to produce 1 kg HM of MOX fuel we need to reprocess 4.2 kg HM of UOX SF and also purchase 0.97 kg of natural U. Calculation of MOX Fuel Cycle Cost (Basis: 1kg MOX Fuel) We use the approximate fuel cycle cost model for a single batch derived previously: Total batch cost ª Â i CiMi+ Â i[ CiiM]f D Ti• 5Transaction SF Storage Disposal Credit Reprocessing HL/IL/LL Waste Disposal U purchase + conversion MOX fab Interim storage and disposal of MOX fuel TOTAL GRAND TOTAL Unit Cost, Ci ($/kg) 400 1000 300 40 1500 500 Mass Flow, MI (kg) DTI (years) Direct Cost, MICI ($/kg) Carrying Charge, MICIf•DTI (f• - 0.1/yr) 4.2 4.25 -2100 -893 4.2 4.25 4200 1785 4.2 3.25 1260 410 0.97 3.25 39 11.7 1.01 3.25 1515 492 1.0 -2.25 500 -113 5414 1692.7 $7107/kg HM MOX fuel i.e., MOX fuel cycle cost ~ 3 x once through cycle cost = 7107 ($/kg U) x 1000 (kg/MT) x 1/50,000 (MTHM/MWD) x 1/24 (days/hr) x 1/ 1000 (MW/kw) x 1/0.33 (kwh(th)/kwh(e)) = 1.8 cents/kwh(e)If, in spite of this increased cost, all PWR UOX fuel was reprocessed and the Pu recycled, the incremental MOX fuel cost would contribute to an increase in the cost of electricity in proportion to the ratio of MOX to UOX fuel in the entire fleet. Accordingly, the incremental electricity cost for the fleet would be: 0.58 x (4.2/5.2) + 1.8 x (1/5.2) = 0.81 cents per kwh(e) Questions 61. What is the minimum price of natural uranium ore at which MOX recycle would be economic? 2. What is the maximum cost of reprocessing at which MOX recycle would be economic? 3. Why are countries such as France and Japan