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"Structure is determined chiefly by the interaction between Many directly analogous principles: BT(A), BT(B), X-bar theNon-derivational: role played by movement is apportioned to"HPSG does not permit its analyses to refer to:phonologically and morphologically abstract (i.e. non-observphonologically abstract affixes;phonologically inert functional heads;structure-destroying movement operations, especially "covertFeature structures and grammar rulesPerspective: each immediate dominance relation is licensed.A tree is well formed just in case each local subtree (that Theory is neutral between top-down and bottom-up constructioCounterparts to X-bar theoryIntroduce the feature HEAD licensed by the type expression. The type agr-pos is an immediate subtype of pos and licensesSubtypes of agr-pos include noun, verb and det (this, that, The types prep, adj and conj are immediate subtypes of pos -Reason for viewing noun, verb, etc as types in the first plaSo, when we informally say that HEAD takes "noun" as its valWhat is the feature AGR? A feature that The type expression (remember expression from the first bullSubcategorization and complementationCOMPS feature: a list, e.g. <NP, NP> or < > (null list)SPR (specifier) feature: also a list, e.g. <NP> or < > (nulThe SPR feature must be passed up from the lexical item throAgreementIndices etc. ("semantics")Thus, for a sentence like Pat aches, the RESTR value of S tells us that i is the ACHER and Pat is i.) [see p. 144 for concrete example]Thus S inherits the MODE value "prop" from V.ModificationBT(A)/BT(B)The ARG-ST list is a device for ranking arguments, with the specifier outranking complements, and the complements ranked according to their linear order (given the HEAD-COMPLEMENTThe ARG-ST list is suited to a Binding Theory without c-commThe secret, silent world of ARG-ST:The lexiconNo directionality ("constraint-based architecture"). Thus, A word that belongs to the type "cn-lxm", bears particular vLexical rulesIn the textbook, these rules are viewed as features licensedModels class 1 - 02/13/2006 HPSG part 1 Similarities to Government-Binding syntax:  "Structure is determined chiefly by the interaction between highly articulated lexical entries and parameterized universal principles of grammatical well-formedness, with rules reduced to a handul of highly general and universally available phrase structure (or immedediate dominance) schemata." (Pollard & Sag, 2)  Many directly analogous principles: BT(A), BT(B), X-bar theory, ECP. Differences:1 Non-derivational: role played by movement is apportioned to different mechanisms: unification, lexical rule (passive), ordering statements (no head movement).  "HPSG does not permit its analyses to refer to:  phonologically and morphologically abstract (i.e. non-observable) case distinctions (so-called "Cases");  phonologically abstract affixes;  phonologically inert functional heads;  structure-destroying movement operations, especially "covert" movements (to "Logical Form") whose existence is not empirically observable. (Webelhuth et al, 4) 1 Feature structures and grammar rules Standard assumptions about phrase structure.  Perspective: each immediate dominance relation is licensed.  A tree is well formed just in case each local subtree (that is, a mother node with its daughters) within it either: 1. is a well-formed lexical tree [features dominating word as terminal], or 2. is in one-to-one (tree-to-rule) correspondence with some rule of the grammar. [p. 34]  Theory is neutral between top-down and bottom-up construction. 11 I take no stand for now on which of these (if any) might be "real" differences and which (if any) might be spurious or misleading. These are issues we will discuss. Feature: property Type: a class of entities, defined in terms of the features (properties) appropriate to describe members of that class. For example, [NUM sg] and [NUM pl] can be defined so as to be relevant to the type of nouns and NPs, but not prepositions. The notion noun may be best understood not as an atomic category, but as the supertype for number, person, etc. Unification: an operation that can apply to two feature structure descriptions D1 D2. Unification combines the information from the two descriptions, so long as there's no conflict. If a particular description D1 is satisfied by a set of feature structures S1 (for example, the set of English verbs of any person specification) and another description D2 is satisfied by another set of feature structures S1 (for example, the set of elements specified as 3rd person), the unification of D1 and D2 is satisfied by the intersection of S1 andS2 (3rd-person verbs). Notation: matching letters or numbers in boxes representing the value of a feature. (1) Example 1 - headedness (p.65): phrase HEAD VAL COMPS intransSPR needy⎡ ⎣ ⎢ ⎤ ⎦ ⎥ ⎡ ⎣ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎤ ⎦ ⎥ ⎥ ⎥ ⎥ ⎥ →wordHEAD 1VAL COMPS strictly trans.SPR needy⎡ ⎣ ⎢ ⎤ ⎦ ⎥ ⎡ ⎣ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎤ ⎦ ⎥ ⎥ ⎥ ⎥ ⎥ NP (2) Example 2 - agreement (p. 70)2phraseHEAD 1 verbVAL COMPS intrans.SPR not needy⎡ ⎣ ⎢ ⎤ ⎦ ⎥ ⎡ ⎣ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎤ ⎦ ⎥ ⎥ ⎥ ⎥ ⎥ →"NP"HEAD AGR 2[] ⎤ ⎦ ⎥ ⎥ phraseHEAD 1⎡ ⎣ ⎢ ⎢ AGR 2[] VAL COMPS intrans.SPR needy⎡ ⎣ ⎢ ⎤ ⎦ ⎥ ⎡ ⎣ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎢ ⎤ ⎦ ⎥ ⎥ ⎥⎥ ⎥ 2 The COMPS and SPR values are informally stated here. See below. Cite as: David Pesetsky, course materials for 24.960 Syntactic Models, Spring 2006. MIT OpenCourseWare (http://ocw.mit.edu/), Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Downloaded on [DD Month YYYY].HPSG1 - page 2 (3) Example 3 - propagation of slash feature... (4) Example 4 - relation between "raised" NP and the predicate it is an argument of... 2 Counterparts to X-bar theory A type hierarchy: [p. 84, supplemented] feat-struc pos expression val-cat agr-cat HEAD pos SPR < ... > PER{1st,...} prep adj conj agr-pos VAL val-cat COMPS <...> NUM{sg, pl} [AGR agr-cat] word phrase noun verb det [CASE {nom, acc}] [AUX{+, -}]  Introduce the feature HEAD licensed by the type expression. The feature HEAD takes as its value a set of features. What features are they? Answer: those grouped under subtypes of the type pos (part of


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