ET304a Laboratory 5 Thevenin s and Norton s Theorem and the Principle of Superposition Purpose Experimentally determine the Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits by measuring the open circuit voltage and short circuit currents of the test circuits Use the principle of superposition along with Thenvenin s and Norton s theorems to reduce complex circuits to simple voltage and current source models Compute the theoretical equivalents and compare them to the experimental equivalents Objectives Develop circuit construction skills Develop dc circuit voltage and current measurement skills Make lab measurements that verify the Thevenin and Norton theorems Experimentally apply the principle of superposition in the laboratory Procedure 1 Construct the circuit shown in Figure 1 and measure the voltage Vab across the 10 k resistor Record the value of Vab for future use in Table 1 Use a dc power supply for the battery R2 R1 4 7k B1 10V a R3 15k 8 2k R5 10k Vab b R4 6 8k Figure 1 Test Circuit for Part 1of the Experiment 2 Remove the 10 k resistor from the circuit in Figure 1 and measure the Thevenin s open circuit voltage Voc for the remaining circuit Figure 2 shows the circuit used to make the open circuit voltage measurements 1 R1 R2 4 7k 8 2k B1 10V a R3 15k b Voc R4 6 8k Figure 2 Circuit Connections for Measuring Thevenin s Open Circuit Voltage 3 Connect an ammeter between the points a and b as shown in Figure 3 and measure the short circuit current Isc Record the value in Table 1 for future use Note the positive direction of current flow R2 R1 4 7k 8 2k Isc B1 10V a b A R4 R3 15k 6 8k Figure 3 Short Circuit Current Measurement 4 From the measurements made in parts 2 and 3 calculate the Thevenin s equivalent resistance for the circuit This is numerically equal to the Norton s equivalent resistance Use the formula below to find these values V R TH R N oc I sc where RTH the Thevenin s equivalent resistance RN the Norton s equivalent resistance 2 5 6 7 8 Record these values in Table 1 Calculate the theoretical values of RTH RN Voc and Isc for the circuit above Record the computed values in Table 1 Using the Thevenin s equivalent circuit compute the value of Vab with the 10 k resistor attached to points a b Using the Norton s equivalent circuit compute the value of Vab with the 10 k resistor attached to points a b Construct the circuit show in Figure 4 and measure the voltage across points a and b Record this value in Table 2 for later use Use dc power supplies for the batteries R3 15k R1 4 7k R4 6 8k a B1 5V R2 8 2k Vab B2 15V b Figure 4 Circuit 2 Showing the Voltage Vab 9 Use the principle of superposition to find the value of Vab in Figure 4 To practically use superposition in the lab sequentially disconnect each dc power supply from the circuit and replace them with short circuits in turn DO NOT SHORT ACROSS THE TERMINALS OF THE POWER SUPPLY Find the value of Vab due solely to the 5 Vdc source and record the value in Table 2 Find the value of Vab due solely to the 15 Vdc source and record the value in Table 2 Add these two measurements to find the total response and record it in Table 2 10 Remove the 8 2 k resistor and measure the Thevenin s open circuit voltage 11 Add a 10 ohm resistor and a ammeter between points a b to measure Isc Figure 5 shows this circuit Record this reading in Table 2 3 15k R3 R1 4 7k R4 6 8k a 10 ohm B1 5V B2 Isc A 15V b Figure 5 Circuit 2 Short Circuit Measurement Setup 12 Repeat steps 4 and 5 above for this circuit Record the values in Table 2 13 Using the Thevenin s equivalent circuit compute the value of Vab with the 8 2 k resistor attached to points a b 14 Using the Norton s equivalent circuit compute the value of Vab with the 8 2 k resistor attached to points a b 15 Construct the circuit show in Figure 6 and measure the voltage across points a and b Record this value in Table 3 for later use Use dc power supplies for the batteries R2 4 7k R5 5 6k a Vab R1 8 2k R3 15k R4 6 8k b B1 5V B2 15V B3 15V Figure 6 Circuit 3 Schematic 16 Use the principle of superposition to find the value of Vab in Figure 6 To practically use superposition in the lab sequentially disconnect each dc power supply from the circuit and replace them with short circuits in turn DO NOT SHORT ACROSS THE TERMINALS OF THE POWER SUPPLY Find the value of Vab due solely to the 5 Vdc source and record the value in Table 3 Find the value of Vab due solely to the 15 Vdc source and record the value in Table 3 Find the value of Vab due solely to the 15 Vdc and record the 4 value in Table 3 Add these three measurements to find the total response and record it in Table 3 17 Repeat steps 4 and 5 above for the circuits in Figures 6 7 and 8 Record the values in Table 3 R2 4 7k R5 5 6k a Voc R1 8 2k R4 6 8k b B1 5V B2 15V B3 15V Figure 7 Open Circuit Voltage Measurement For Circuit 3 R2 4 7k R5 5 6k a A Isc R1 8 2k R4 6 8k b B1 5V B2 15V B3 15V Figure 8 Short Circuit Current Measurement For Circuit 3 18 Using the Thevenin s equivalent circuit compute the value of Vab with the 15 k resistor attached to points a b 19 Using the Norton s equivalent circuit compute the value of Vab with the 15 k resistor attached to points a b 5 Report 1 Follow the standard laboratory report procedures and format 2 Compute the theoretical values for all of the measured superposition values Include drawings of the Thevenin and Norton equivalent circuits with all values labeled 3 Compare the theoretical values to the measured values by computing the percentage error between the theoretical and measured values Use the formula below to compute the percentage error theoretical value measured value 100 theoretical value Discuss the sources of the error error 6 Quantity Table 1 Figure 1 Circuit Value Measured Theoretical Vab V Voc V Isc mA RTH k RN k Vab Thevenin Vab Norton Table 2 Figure 4 Circuit Quantity Value Measured Theoretical Vab V Vab V 5Vdc Source Vab V 15Vdc Source Vab V sum Voc V Isc mA RTH k RN k Vab Thevenin Vab Norton Table 3 Figure 6 Circuit Quantity Value Measured Theoretical Vab V Vab V 5Vdc Source Vab V 15Vdc Source Vab V 15Vdc Source Vab V sum Voc V Isc mA RTH k RN k Vab …