LocomotionSlide 2Slide 3Training EffectsSlide 5Locomotion•stride - single step of one foot–stance phase - foot on ground•restraint stage - anterior part of foot fall (deceleration)•midstance position - forelimb:metacarpus is vertical hind limb:hoof under hip joint•propulsion stage - posterior part (acceleration)–swing phase - foot lifted and brought forward•stride length - distance hoof moves during one stride cycle•stride frequency - number of strides per unit time•timing of gaits is controlled by central nervous system•vertical force between hoof and ground –maximum - double body weight of horse•increased speed - increased frequency or increased stride length–dressage - maintain same tempo with increase or decrease stride length•gait - repetitive limb coordination pattern used in locomotion–asymmetrical - limb movements of one side do not repeat those of other side (canter, gallop)–symmetrical - limb movements of one side repeated by opposite side (trot, pace)Training Effects•young horses - growth and training effects are hard to separate•neuromotor function - learn to do whatever they do , more economically and efficiently–ex: race horse, barrel horse•inherited movement patterns enhanced by practice through coordination•horse will change gaits and select speed within a gait to minimize energy expenditure•fatigue - lead leg : most weight bearing and propulsion–slower - longer stance phaseOxygen