BIOLOGY 135 - 1st EditionExam # 2 Study Guide Lectures: 6 - 8Unit 3 Learning Outcomes: 1. Differentiate types of forests and freshwater, and the animals that utilize them.2. Discuss the difficulties associated with life in a seasonal forest.3. Discuss the complexity of trophic levels and species interactions in forest and freshwater systems.4. Discuss examples of how animal morphological (physical) features can be used to infer their possible functions.5. Discuss ways in which birds have adapted to forest living.6. Describe major amphibian life history & evolutionary features.7. Differentiate birds, mammals, and amphibians by their key evolutionary features.Lecture 6 (September 19): Freshwaters and Forests*Successional Stages: - Primary Succession: building plant communities from the soil up - Pioneer Species - Intermediate Species - Climax Species- Secondary Succession: after disturbances- Fire - Landslides/avalanche - Timber Harvest - Road Building *Benefits of Forest Life:- Diverse habitat niches (structure)- Species diversity (resources)*Complications of Forest Life:- Dependency of Trees:- Insects - Disease - Fire - Seasonal Weather- Land Useo Ownership & Management Public VS. Private Regulations Land Use Policies*Types of Forests in the PNW:- Ponderosa - Lodgepole - Mixed Conifer/Deciduous - Subalpine*What makes a lake?- Lentic (Standing water)o Positive water balance: Inflow + Precipitation > Evaporation + Outflow- Geological Formationo Tectonic Basins, Volcano Association, Landslideso Rivers, Glaciers & Ice, Shorelines- Biogenic Formationo Beaver ponds, Buffalo wallows, Coral reefs, Human- Oligotrophic VS. Eutrophic*Benefits of Lake Life:- Constant water source- Water can act as an environmental buffer- Habitat opportunities (niches)- Water-dependent resources are somewhat contained*Complications of Lake Life:- Seasonality:o Access in winter, nutrient cycling fluctuations, temperature variations- Alterations in volume:o Temperature, available habitat*Streams- Lotic (running water) o Positive water balance (from lakes):  Inflow + Precipitation > Evaporation + Outflowo Elevation gradients increase velocity o Stream Order- Shapes of Streams:o Straight, Meandering, Braided*Benefits of Stream Life:- Fresh (non-stagnant water source)- Quick nutrient cycling- Dispersal possibilities for water-dependent life*Complications of Stream Life:- Seasonal Flow- Barriers to movementLecture 7 (October 1): Avian Adaptations*What makes a bird?- Bipedal vertebrates, warm-blooded egg-laying- Evolved from theropod dinosaurs ~ 150 MYA- Bill or Beak- Wings (flight, evasion, swimming)- Feathers (insulation, flight, camouflage, attraction)- Tail (feathered, maneuvering)- Feet (toed, clawed, scaled)- Legs (thing, scaled, feathered)*Forging in the Forest:- Insectivore:o Tweezer Bill + Perching Feeto Chisel Bill + Climbing Feet- Granivore:o Conical Bill + Perching Feet- Carnivore:o Hook-Shaped Bill + Grasping Feet*Forest Raptors: Accipiters:- Sharp-shinned, Coopers, Goshawks- Designed for Forest Huntingo Short, rounded wings to maneuvero Long, rudder-like tails to maneuvero Plumage = camouflageo Long claws and legs (to grasp and reach)Lecture 8 (October 3): Carnivores*Class Mammalia:- Hair- Endorthermic- Mammory Glands (modified sweat glands)- Skeletal Features:o 1 lower jaw boneo Jaw articulationo 3 middle ear boneso Differentiated teetho Secondary bony palate (breathing while eating)*Order Carnivora:- Strong, sharp claws- 4+ toes per foot- Heavy skull, strong facial musculature- Well-developed canine teeth- Cheek teeth (molars) with cutting edges (carnassials*Families within Carnivora in the PNW:- Ursidaeo Non-retractile clawso Plantigrade locomotiono 5 toeso 42 teetho Teeth for omnivorous dieto Sleep through winter (not hibernation)o Young born in winter- Canidaeo Non-retracile clawso Digitigrade locomotion (run on toes)o 4 toeso 42 teeth (well-developed canines & carnassials)o Long legs, pursue prey in the openo Elongated rostrum- Felidaeo Retractile claws (strongly curved & sharp for holding prey)o Semi-arboreal and digitigrade locomotiono 4 toeso 28-30 teeth (well-developed carnassials & canines)o Ambush or stalking (coloration for camouflage)o Kill by suffocation or biting the necko Shortened rostrum- Procyonidae:o Non-retractile clawso Plantigrade locomotion; adept climberso 5 toeso 40 teeth (omnivore adapted)o Long, bushy, ringed tailso Facial markings- Mustelidaeo Non-retractile clawso Semi-arboreal or aquatic, and digitigrade locomotiono 5 toeso Well-developed carnassials, w/o molars behindo Elongated bodies, relatively short legso Enlarged anal scent glands (communication & defense)~All printed notes covering the guest lectures of Sept. 24 & 26 should also be