11Police ProcessDae-Hoon KwakMichigan State UniversityCJ 335 Summer 20065/31/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006Lecture 6-1Police Officers II:Job Satisfaction and Job Stress2Job Satisfaction5/31/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Job Satisfaction (JS)- JS describes how content an individual is with his or her job: “ the happier in an ind. is within their job, the more satisfied they said to be”• Factors associated with JS in Policing - The nature of work-Org. factors- Relations with the community- Relations with the media & political leader- Personal and Family factors3Job Satisfaction (cont.)5/31/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Empirical Researches- 82% P.O.s were satisfied with their job (D.C.)- 61% expressed medium satisfaction, 8% high (Detroit, 1988)- Among patrol officers, men are happier than women with their job (Barnes et al, 2004)- Correctional officers are more satisfied with promotions and have fewer injury claims than patrol officers (Barnes et al, 2004)4Job Satisfaction (cont.)5/31/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Community Policing and JS-The adoption of COP raised the level of JS among P.O.sa. Less isolated from the communities they serveb. Greater autonomy in their workc. Greater opportunity to develop personal relationships- In Dept. with medium COP commitment, level of JS is lower than Dept. with low COP commitment because of confusion and frustration among P.O.s5Job Stress5/31/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Job Stress- “Stress”: An excess of demands on an individual which is beyond their ability to cope or “nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it”(Hans Selye)-There is some disagreement over whether policing is more stressful than other demanding occupationse.g., The number of P.O.s feloniously killed in the line of the duty is about 20 per 100,000 vs. coal mining (38)6Job Stress (cont.)5/31/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Stressors: the factors produce stress- External stressors: threat of danger- Org. stressors: policy change, shift rotations- Personal stressors: interpersonal relationship among P.O.s- Operational stressors: Citizen disrespecte.g., Detroit PD (Top 5 stressors, 5= very stressful)1 Fellow officer killed in the duty 4.162 Inadequate salary 4.053 Poor equipment 3.954 Insufficient manpower 3.625 Inadequate support by supervisors 3.4127Job Stress (cont.)5/31/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Workplace problems (Merry et al., 2006)- Workplace problems are troublesome features of the work organizationincluding negative interactions with other P.O.s, feelings about status, bias, harassment…-Dealing with bias among coworkers was most predictive of stress followed by lack of influence(e.g., don’t have power to change the way police work) with controlling other variables [pdf]8Job Stress (cont.)5/31/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Coping with stress- Until recently, few depts. tried to assist officers with stress- Today, many depts. maintain programs through peer support or mental health professional contract by the organization (e.g., Employee Assistance Program)9Police ProcessDae-Hoon KwakMichigan State UniversityCJ 335 Summer 20065/31/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006Lecture 7Police Patrol I:The Backbone of Policing10Outline for the lecture5/31/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Understand how police patrol services are organized and delivered• Explain how patrol styles differ according to individual officers, supervisors, and organizations• Discuss why the communications center is considered the nerve center of policing11The Central Role of Patrol5/31/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Patrol is the center of police activity- The majority of P.O.s assigned to patrol: “Visible Symbol”- P.O.s are “Gatekeepers” of the CJ system- These are formative part of a P.O.s’ careera. Assignments based on seniorityb. New officers start out on patrol dutyc. “Street experience” created bond of experience among Officers- Patrol duty is considered the least desirable assignment. And, CP has been to enlarge the role of patrol officers12The Functions of Patrol5/31/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Since the days of Sir Robert Peel, the three functionsof patrol have not changed:-To deter crimea. O.W. Wilson describes an impression of omnipresence to eliminate opportunitiesb. No one questioned until KC study-To Enhance feelings of public safety(reduce fear of crime)a. Visible presence, people always want more P.O.s-To make officers available for servicea. Generalists, perform “dirty work”b. Opposite of normal occupation (police go to clients)313The Functions of Patrol (cont.)5/31/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• The Standard Model of Policing (NAS)- Increasing the size of police agencies- Random patrol across all parts of the community- Rapid response to calls for service- Generally applied follow-up investigations- Generally applied intensive enforcement and arrest policies-Such approaches are generally not the most effective strategy for controlling crime and disorder or reducing fear of crime14The Organization and Delivery of Patrol5/31/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Variation in Patrol across the nation- NYPD: 39% foot patrol vs. San Jose PD: No foot patrol• Factors affecting the delivery of patrol services- Number of S.O.- % of all officers assigned to patrol- Distribution of patrol officers by time of day and area- The type of patrol used- One-officer vs. two-officers patrols- Work styles of patrol officers15The Organization and Delivery of Patrol (cont.)5/31/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Number of S.O. : P-P ratio in 2003• % of officers allocated to patrol: The bigger PD, the less patrol generally1.7San Diego4.2Detroit2.7Huston4.6Philadelphia2.4LA2.4Chicago4.5NYSworn Officers per 1,000 populationCity16The Organization and Delivery of Patrol (cont.)5/31/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Distribution of P.O.s- Officers are normally allocated to patrol to different shifts according to the workload- More serious crimes occur at night as do the majority of disturbances- Some depts. add a fourth shift (6 pm – 2 am): this approach provides more officers when the demand is high and reduces thenumber when the demand is low17The Organization and Delivery of Patrol (cont.)5/31/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Assignment of Officers- There is a variety of methods used for assigning officers to shifts and patrol areas- These include seniority or a bidding process- This may include what is know as a “Hot Spot” or an area that receives a disproportionate number of calls for police service and has a very high crime