A. systemic: pulmonaryNAME_______________________ BIO 350 EXAM #3 SUMMER 2009(2 points each for multiple choice)1. The primary force driving fluids to leak from capillaries in skeletal muscle (on the arterial side of the capillary) into the interstitial tissue is:A. hydrostatic pressure of the bloodB. hydrostatic pressure of the lymphC. colloid pressure of the blood2. Compared to fetal hemoglobin, adult hemoglobin has:A. has no Fe moleculesB. same oxygen affinityC. more heme groupsD. lower oxygen affinityE. both B and A are correct3. The greatest cross-sectional surface area for the blood to flow past iswhich of the following regions of the circulation ?A. aortaB. arteriesC. capillariesD. veinsE. vena cava (region right before the atrium)4. A condition, such as elephantiasis, where severe edema occurs is mostclosely associated with which of the following ?A. low hydrostatic pressure in the veinsB. very high colloid osmotic pressure in the capillaryC. blockage of the lymphatic system so lymph can not flowD. an over production of NO locally producing vasodilatation E. active use of skeletal muscle inhibiting lymph flow5. The region of the circulation with the least hydrostatic pressure isA. aortaB. arteriesC. capillariesD. veinsE. vena cave (region right before the atrium)6. The carotid bodies are primarily related to which of the followingfunctions ?A. monitoring pH in the bloodB. monitoring the hydrostatic pressure in the bloodC. to block perfusion of the nasal passage ways in the human noseD. none of the above17. The mammalian systemic circulation (mark the correctanswer)______________________:A. receives more blood than the pulmonary circulation.B. is a high pressure system compared to the pulmonary circulation.C. receives blood from the left ventricle.D. Both B and C are correct.E. All the above are correct8. In you, a typical mammal, the left half of the heart pumps blood throughthe __________and the right half pumps blood through the __________circulation.A. systemic: pulmonaryB. systolic: semilunarC. diastolic: systolicD. kidneys: liverE. pulmonary: systemic9. When the ventricles relax in the human heart a substantial amount ofblood will back flow from the main arteries to refill the ventricles so theycan pump it back out again.A. True B. False10. The main pacemaker of the mammalian heart is normally the _________.A. The SA nodeB. The AV nodeC. The Purkinje systemD. The bundle of HisE. none of the above since it is purely neurogenic11. One of the pronounced cardiovascular responses to diving amongbirds and mammals is bradycardia (slowing down of the heart rate)during the physical contact with the cold water.A. True B. False12. Invertebrates with a open circulatory system can have arteries from theheart to direct blood to particular regions of the body.The statement above is-A. True B. False13. The majority of the blood volume is stored in the ______________ whenyou are in a relaxed state.A. arteriesB. pulmonary veinsC. pulmonary arteriesD. systemic veinsE. heart214. which of the flowing blood vessels have the thickest wall ?A. veinsB. capillariesC. aortaD. pulmonary veinsE. arterioles15. Which one of the lower vertebrates have two completely separated atriaand two completely separated ventricles ? A. turtlesB. salamandersC. lungfishD. crocodilesE. Frogs16. Thyroid hormones are:A. produced from serotoninB. inhibited in production by TSHC. a type of neurohormoneD. made in the thyroid gland17. Which of the following hormone(s) is(are) secreted by the hypothalamus?A. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)B. adrenal corticotropic hormone (ACTH)C. gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)D. follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)E. All of the above are correct 18. During the follicular phase of the ovarian (menstrual) cycle:A. estrogen levels predominateB. progesterone levels predominateC. estrogen and progesterone levels are elevatedD. estrogen and progesterone levels are lowE. none of the above apply19. The production of nitric oxide (NO) from endothelial cells is onemechanism to promote relation of smooth muscle cells.(A) True (B) False20. Which factor reduces hemoglobin’s oxygen affinity?A. decreasing CO2B. increasing pHC. increasing temperature321. The figure below illustrates the changes in pressure in the left atrium,ventricle, and aorta over the time of 1 heart beat. Choose the answer whichbest describes what is occurring at point Z (marked on the graph)A) the aortic valve has openedB) the atrioventricular valve has openedC) the blood in the aorta is back flowing into the ventricleD) the blood pressure is building up in the ventricle and is not flowingE) None of the above are true22. Which of the following forms a exchange systems with the environmentis most effective (example - for a fish gill) ?A. Counter currentB. Concurrent23. Which of the following vertebrates utilize parabronchi instead of alveoli for gas exchange?A. frogsB. salamandersC. snakesD. crocodilesE. birds24. The sigmoid oxygen dissociation curve of hemoglobin is due to:A. it’s binding of oxygen and carbon dioxideB. it’s oxygen reservoirC. subunit cooperativityD. Bohr’s shiftE. the root effect425. Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood mostly:A. as molecular CO2B. as carbonate ionC. bound to hemoglobinD. as carbonic acidE. as bicarbonate ion26. In the figure on the right,which curve has thehighest oxygen affinity?A. curve AB. curve BC. curve CD. curve D 27. Which hormone is involved in the milk-ejection reflex during nursing in mammals?A. oxytocinB. prolactin PRLC. estradiolD. parathyroid hormoneE. thyroxine28. The least resistance (friction) to blood flow occurs during:A. turbulent flowB. pulsatile laminar flowC. laminar flowD. pulsatile turbulent flowE. reverse flow29. The plateau phase of a cardiac muscle action potential is characterized by:A. lacking a stable resting potentialB. elevated Na+ fluxC. elevated K+ fluxD. elevated Ca2+ fluxE. none of the above30. Which of the following hormones binds to receptors inside the cell?A. luteinizing hormoneB. insulinC. triiodothyronineD. parathyroid hormoneE. antidiuretic hormone (arginine vasotocin)531.Which vertebrate group may have a “caudal heart” located in the tail region which aids in returning deoxygenated blood to the heart.A. bony fishB. sharksC. salamandersD. snakesE. crocodilians32. Which of