1Eyes:macaque, bee, elephant, salmon, chameleon, gecko eagle, giant squid, human, cat, gorilla, antlion, chameleon (again), cuttlefish (the most amazing), human, moth, owl hoverfly, dog, jumping spider, shark, crocodile, and frog23Wyszecki, G. and W. S. Stiles (1982). Color Science: Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formulae. New York, Wiley.45678Reduced eye model of the human eye.9Wyszecki, G. and W. S. Stiles (1982). Color Science: Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formulae. New York, Wiley.1011Longitudinal and transverse chromatic aberrations of the human eye are well predicted by the reduced model eye.12Geisler, W. S. (1989). “Sequential ideal-observer analysis of visual discriminations.” Psychological Review 96: 267-314.13Diffraction.14Measuring the impulse response (line spread and point spread) function of the human eye.15Line-spread functions for the human eye for several different diameters of the pupil (in mm). Campbell, F. W. and R. W. Gubisch (1966). “Optical quality of the human eye.” Journal of Physiology 186: 558-578.1617Sine-wave gratings of different contrast.18Measuring the transfer function of an optical system. The amplitude transfer function is the ratio of the output contrast to the input contrast, as a function of sine-wave grating spatial frequency.19Plot of the spatial frequency where the retinal contrast has dropped to 20% as a function of pupil diameter. For this image quality measure a 3 mm pupil is close to optimal. Note that from an earlier slide, this is about the pupil diameter reached for high luminance stimuli.2021Optical transfer functions of the human eye at different eccentricities. Bottom plot is with correction for oblique astigmatism. Williams, D. R., P. Artal, et al. (1996). “Off-axis optical quality and retinal sampling in the human eye.” Vision Research36: 1103-1114.22For more details see Vision Notes and Gaskill, J. D. (1978). Linear systems, Fourier transforms, and optics. New York,